An in-depth Study on the impacts of Operation Murambatsvina See ActionAid (2005), An in-depth study on the impact of Operation Murambatsvina/Restore Order in Zimbabwe. Preliminary results. ActionAid International in collaboration with the Counselling Services Unit (CSU), Combined Harare Residents’ Association (CHRA) and the Zimbabwe Peace Project (ZPP). November 2005. viii See Agger, a., Loughry, M (2004), Science-based mental health services: Psycho-social programs, in Mollica, R.F. Guerra, R. Bhasin, R. & Lavelle,J (Eds), BOOK OF BEST PRACTICES. TRAUMA AND THE ROLE OF MENTALHEALTH IN POST-CONFLICT RECOVERY, Project 1 Billion: International Congress of Ministers of Health for Mental Health and Post-Conflict Recovery, 2004. ix See A Study on the Impact of “Operation Murambatsvina/Restore Order” in 26 Wards of Harare High Density Housing Areas ActionAid International in Collaboration with Combined Harare Residents Association (CHRA) July 2005. x See A Study on the impact of “OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA/RESTORE ORDER” in Zimbabwe, ActionAid International – Southern Africa Partnership Programme (SAPP-ZIMBABWE) in collaboration with Combined Harare Residents Association (CHRA) and Zimbabwe Peace Project (ZPP), August 2005. xi See “Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina by the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe”. xii See Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2005), Order out of Chaos, or Chaos out of Order? A Preliminary Report on Operation “Murambatsvina”. June 2005.HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM; Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2005), The Aftermath of a Disastrous Venture. A Follow up report on “Operation Murambatsvina”. August 2005.HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM; Solidarity Peace Trust (2005), Discarding the Filth. Operation Murambatsvina. Interim report on the Zimbabwean government’s “urban cleansing” and forced eviction campaign May/June 2005. 27 June 2005. SOUTH AFRICA & ZIMBABWE: SOLIDARITY PEACE TRUST. xiii See Mollica ,R F, Lopes Cardozo, B, Osofsky, H J, Raphael, B, Ager,A, & Salama, P(2004), Mental health in complex emergencies, LANCET, 364: 2058–67. xiv Informal trading includes; flea market, tuck shop, vending, skilled/artisan, offering accommodation, and petty trade. xv Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD] is a psychological disorder occurring the aftermath of a catastrophic stressor, such as a hurricane, or torture, and characterized by a complex of symptoms arounf intrusive thoughts, heightened physiological arousal, and other symptoms. xvi See Mollica ,R F, Lopes Cardozo, B, Osofsky, H J, Raphael, B, Ager,A, & Salama, P(2004), Mental health in complex emergencies, LANCET, 364: 2058–67. xvii See WHO (2003), Mental health in emergencies: mental and social aspects of health of populations exposed to extreme stressors. Geneva: Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. WHO. xviii See again Mollica ,R F, Lopes Cardozo, B, Osofsky, H J, Raphael, B, Ager,A, & Salama, P(2004), Mental health in complex emergencies, LANCET, 364: 2058–67. xix A simple description of trauma can be taken from the definition of PTSD: “The person has experienced an event that is outside the range of usual human experience and that would be markedly distressing to almost everyone”. xx There is an extravagantly large literature dealing with the effects of organized violence and torture, but the interested reader is referred to the article mentioned above. Here see again Mollica ,R F, Lopes Cardozo, B, Osofsky, H J, Raphael, B, Ager,A, & Salama, P(2004), Mental health in complex emergencies, LANCET, 364: 2058–67. xxi See Reeler, A.P., Mbape,P., Matshona,J., Mhetura,J., & Hlatywayo,E. (2001), The prevalence and nature of disorders due to torture in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe, TORTURE, 11, 4-9; Reeler, A.P., & Mupinda, M. (1996), An Investigation into the psychological sequelae of Torture and Organised Violence in Zimbabwean war veterans, LEGAL FORUM, 8, 12-27. xxii See again Reeler, A.P., Mbape,P., Matshona,J., Mhetura,J., & Hlatywayo,E. (2001), The prevalence and nature of disorders due to torture in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe, TORTURE, 11, 4-9; See also Amani (1998), Survivors of Torture and Organised Violence from the 1970 War of Liberation, HARARE: vii 29