10 There has been considerable furore over the incidence and prevalence of gender-based political violence in the past few years, and hence the NCA made a deliberate attempt to obtain reports of this. As can be seen from Table 11, all constituencies reported gender-based political violence, with the MDC being reported as victims twice or three times more frequently. Table 11. Victims of gender-based political violence. Victim % of constituencies reporting. ZanuPF 12% MDC 25% Civics 7% As Table 12 below indicates, the victims were reported to be much more likely to have suffered at the hands of ZanuPF supporters or the youth than the MDC or civics. This again accords with previous reports. Table 12. Perpetrators of gender-based political violence. Perpetrator % of constituencies reporting. ZanuPF 29% MDC 1% Civic 0 ZRP 0 Youth 18% ZNA 5% CIO 7% Other 2% The types of violations reported also are in accordance with all previous reports. As can be seen from Table 13, rape was reported relatively infrequently, whereas indecent assault and “forced concubinage” were twice and three times more frequently reported. The latter has been particularly associated with the presence of militia bases, where young women are forced to attend and provide domestic service for the men at these bases. It is in this context that sexual relations are often coerced, and hence the term “forced concubinage”. Below we comment upon militia bases and their association with various violations and irregularities. Table 13. Types of gender-based political violence. Violation % of constituencies reporting. Rape 8% Indecent assault 17% Concubinage 29% Finally, we would comment upon the reports of hate speech in the constituencies sampled. As can be seen from Table 14 [see over], hate speech was not uncommon, and overall 70% of the constituencies reported this. ZanuPF was the major culprit, as has been corroborated by press National Constitutional Assembly: Election Climate Reports.