INVESTIGATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN EASTERN DRC T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and Oxfam International……………………………….. ii Acknowledgments ….………………………………………………………….......……... iv Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction DRC Conflict ……………………………………………………………………… 4 Rape as a Weapon of War ………………………………………………………… 5 Rape Epidemic in Eastern DRC …………………………………………………... 6 Panzi Hospital …………………………………………………………………….. 7 Methods …………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Results Quantitative Findings Demographics …………………………………………………………….. 9 Presentation to Panzi Hospital ……………………………………………. 11 Patterns of Attack Location and Timing of Attacks …………………………………. 12 Perpetrators ……………………………………………………….. 12 Types of Sexual Violence ………..………………………………. 16 Trends Over Time ………………………………………………… 17 Qualitative Findings ………………………………………………………………. 20 Discussion Militarization of Rape Military Perpetrators ……………………………………………………… 33 Patterns of Military Rape …………………………………………………. 35 Military Motives ………………………………………………………….. 37 Protection …………………………………………………………………. 38 Civilian Adoption of Rape ………………………………………………... 38 Medical Considerations Delays in Presentation …………………………………………………….. 40 Referral Mechanisms ……………………………………………………… 40 Patient Symptoms …………………………………………………………. 41 Pregnancy …………………………………………………………………. 41 HIV Transmission ………………………………………………………… 42 Social Burden of Sexual Violence Losses ……………………………………………………………………… 43 Livelihoods ………………………………………………………………... 44 Impact on Children ………………………………………………………... 45 Limitations ………………………………………………………………………………… 46 Strengths ………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 Future Work ………………………………………………………………………………. 49 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………… 52 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………….. 56 Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………. 58 Glossary …………………………………………………………………………………… 59 References ………………………………………………………………………………… 62 iii