On the same note, research conducted by Timothy Sizwe Phakathi and Hugo van der Merwe
found that most victims did not see even the celebrated South African TRC as a success.
Interestingly, Priscilla Hayner, an expert on the subject, conceded in 2001 that the majority of
TRCs, which had been established, had not been successful. The reasons for this failure have been
lack of public involvement and resource constraints. There are also doubts that some TRCs can
even meet their core objective of correcting history.
On a positive note, Rwanda is a post colonial example where truth recovery processes have
assisted in finding the bodies of those who had disappeared and their subsequent reburial.
Zimbabweans, especially in Matabeleland are still struggling to locate the bodies of their loved
ones who disappeared during Gukurahundi - thus an effective truth recovery process might be
useful in that regard.
The fourth challenge is finding the truth about human rights abuses attributed to the colonialists.
Both civic society and academics have noted that in addition to the Mugabe regimes' excesses,
the culture of impunity in Zimbabwe can be attributed to the influence and history of
colonialism. Indeed, colonialists committed serious human rights violations during both the
formation of the state of Rhodesia and the time when they suppressed nationalist resistance to
their racist rule. It is axiomatic that economic considerations impelled the independence
negotiators to grant blanket amnesties for colonial era violations.
This fact can be inferred from proceedings of a Civil Society Symposium held in South Africa in
2003, which suggested that colonial human rights abuses can be addressed by a TRC. They
proposed the separation of pre-1960 and post-1960 (Rhodesian) crimes. This was based on a
perception that the period after 1960 represented the living memory of Zimbabweans. The
accuracy of this view is still to be tested and this work is of the view that the participants were alive
to the fact that Western governments are not likely to commit their resources to a project which
has the effect of undermining their position as champions of human rights. Thus, in the case of
Zimbabwe, focus on those atrocities committed after Ian Smith's UDI has the effect of shifting the
blame from Britain, the colonial master, to a small group of individuals who governed Rhodesia
during that time.
In fact, there may be practical difficulties in attempting to seek individual redress for violations
committed in British former colonies. The creation of an accurate historical account of
colonialism can be impeded by the fact that records from this era were either expunged or are
withheld as confidential. In any event, such an exercise in Zimbabwe might be of little use since
Truth Commissions: the Best Practices
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