Appendix 1 Questions used in Construction of the Elite Index. Cash Income (1): Not going without cash income in past year News (2):   How often do you get news from the following sources: Internet? How often do you get news from the following sources: Social media such as Facebook or Twitter? Ownership (2):  Own motor vehicle, car, or motorcycle  How often use the internet Education (1): Tertiary education as opposed to other levels Employment (1): Full time employment as opposed to part-time or unemployment, etc. Amenities (2):   Please tell me whether each of the following are available inside your house, inside your compound, or outside your compound: your main source of water for household use? Please tell me whether each of the following are available inside your house, inside your compound, or outside your compound: A toilet or latrine Appendix 2 Questions used to construct indices of political participation Voice (8)  Freedom to say what you think  Better or worse: freedom to say what you think  Careful what you say  Free to criticise: Your local councillor  Free to criticise: Your traditional leader  Free to criticise: The police  Free to criticise: The army  Free to criticise: Your MP Activism (5)  Contact local government councillor  Contact MP  Contact official of a government agency  Contact political party official  Contact traditional leader Political trust (7)  Trust president  Trust parliament/national assembly  Trust national electoral commission Community participation (4)  Trust the ruling party  Member of religious group  Trust police  Member of voluntary association or  Trust army community group  Trust courts of law  Attend a community meeting  Join others to raise an issue 16