95 CHAPTER 9 PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LEADERSHIP 9.1 Basic values and principles governing public administration (1) Public administration in all tiers of government, including institutions and agencies of the State and government, and government-controlled entities and other public enterprises, must be governed by the democratic values and principles enshrined in this Constitution, including the following principles— (a) a high standard of professional ethics must be promoted and maintained; (b) efficient, economical and effective use of resources must be promoted; (c) public administration must be development-oriented; (d) services must be provided impartially, fairly, equitably and without bias; (e) people’s needs must be responded to within a reasonable time, and the public must be encouraged to participate in policy-making; (f) public administration must be accountable to Parliament and to the people; (g) institutions and agencies of government at all levels must co-operate with each other; (h) transparency must be fostered by providing the public with timely, accessible and accurate information; (i) good human-resource management and career-development practices, to maximise human potential, must be cultivated; (j) public administration must be broadly representative of the diverse communities of Zimbabwe; (k) employment, training and advancement practices must be based on merit, ability, objectivity, fairness, equality of men and women and the inclusion of persons with disabilities; and the State must take measures, including legislative measures, to promote these values and principles. (2) Appointments to offices in all tiers of government, including government institutions and agencies and government-controlled entities and other public enterprises, must be made primarily on the basis of merit. 9.2 State-controlled commercial entities (1) Companies and other commercial entities owned or wholly controlled by the State must, in addition to complying with the principles set out in section 9.1(1), conduct their operations so as to maintain commercial viability and abide by generally accepted standards of good corporate governance. (2) Companies and other commercial entities referred to in subsection (1) shall establish transparent, open and competitive procurement systems.