8 Witnessing torture is reported as a separate category from psychological abuse, since witnessing does not necessarily involve the characteristic of being unavoidable. This does not mean that witnessing is less traumatic, and many survivors report the experience of having to watch a loved one undergo violent and painful treatment. As can be seen from Table 6, the frequency of witnessing was very high. Interestingly, the rate of witnessing electrical torture is low in comparison to the direct experience of this, and this is expected, since virtually all electrical torture would take place at interrogation centres and most witnessing would take place in the community. Table 6. Frequency of Witnessing Torture in Mount Darwin survivors (Amani.1998). Beating Severe beating Exposure Suspension Unusual posture Asphyxiation Burning Electrical shock Rape 185[56%] 222[67%] 51[15%] 42[13%] 68[21%] 41[12%] 74[22%] 11[3%] 15[5%] The frequency of witnessing executions (see Table 7) was much lower than the frequency of witnessing torture. Beatings and shootings were the most commonly reported forms of execution witnessed, which corroborates the reports of independent sources. Table 7. Frequency of Witnessing executions in Mount Darwin survivors (Amani.1998). Beating Shooting Stabbing, cutting Hanging, strangling Burning Other 72[22%] 85[26%] 12[4%] 9[2.5%] 17[5%] 16[4.5%] As can be seen from these findings, the use of torture was widespread during the Liberation War, having severe long-term effects upon the victims. There were many different types of torture used, with psychological torture being particularly common. Medical examination: Medical examination of the sample was carried by a doctor with some experience of examining torture survivors. The examination was guided by a protocol developed by the AMANI Trust, but based mostly upon the protocol suggested by Rasmussen in his seminal study of the sequelae of torture (Rasmussen.1990). On medical examination, only 7% of the patients seen had evidence of anxiety, whilst another 7% showed evidence of depression. The remainder showed no obvious psychological or emotional symptoms. Scarring due to torture was also not commonly seen, as can be seen from Table 8 below. This is probably not surprising since this is a chronic sample and scarring due to torture is difficult to determine more than two decades after the injury. AMANI TRUST: Beating your opposition. Torture during the 2002 Presidential campaign in Zimbabwe.