B.
A puzzling absence of social policy
“[The South African] government has provided no leadership in responding to
Zimbabwean migration, its legal responses have been inadequate, and its ability to
address and support the livelihood needs of Zimbabweans virtually non‐existent.”16
Both the vastly understated and now the vastly overstated numbers of Zimbabweans in
South Africa have been unhelpful at the level of government policy. Until 2005, the influx
of Zimbabweans was denied, meaning there was no perceived need for a specific policy to
deal with the associated problems. Now, the migration of foreigners, in particular
Zimbabweans, is seen as being totally out of control, which has “produced feelings of
helplessness and desperation among officials”17. As a staff member at the FMSP commented:
“It is astounding that on the one hand, government officials can tell you there are three
million Zimbabweans in South Africa – which is an exaggeration ‐ and then on the
other hand admit that they have no policies in place to deal with this phenomenon.”
(Interview March 2010)
As Tara Polzer notes, Zimbabwean migration since 2000 has been the largest
concentrated flow into South Africa in its recent history, outstripping by threefold even
the movement of Mozambicans during their civil war.18 Yet both government and civil
society have by and large had what she calls a “non‐response”: the welfare of Zimbabweans
has been left mainly to their own networks of Zimbabweans in South Africa, and (often poor)
South African citizens.
Astonishingly, there has been no public policy statement on Zimbabwean migration from the
Presidency, Parliament or Cabinet. There has not even been a debate on Zimbabwean
migration in either the Parliamentary Committee on Home Affairs or Parliament’s plenary
sessions.19
However, this undeniably huge migration has lacked the appearance of a sudden emergency,
which has in Polzer’s opinion partly contributed to the “business as usual” policy towards
Zimbabweans. There has been no single large‐scale influx of hundreds of thousands of people,
such as was seen out of Congo and into Uganda in 2008, for example. South Africa prepared
for “mass influx” ahead of the Zimbabwean elections of 2002, 2005 and 2008, but a visible,
concentrated, mass influx never occurred, even though the figures of Zimbabweans migrating
to South Africa have cumulatively resulted in more than a million people in a few years.
Zimbabweans have also dispersed fairly widely across the country, which has further created
the perception of no need for a concerted official response to the migration.20
16 T Polzer, South African Government and Civil Society Responses to Zimbabwean Migration, Southern African
Migration Project (SAMP) Policy Brief No 22, December 2008, page 16.
17 CDE, ibid, page 8.
18 T Polzer, ibid, December 2008. Page 4.
19 Op cit, page 15.
20 Op cit, page 8.
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