Panel 5: Jaqueline Mutere, Fanta Doumbia, Ottilia Anna Maunganidze and Brenda Mutere. Maunganidze highlighted the high statistics of gender-based violence in South Africa, a state that is not in conflict. In South Africa, four out of nine women will be raped in their lifetime. However, fewer than 15 per cent of the perpetrators are arrested and, of those prosecuted, most are not convicted. Indeed, just under 0.15 per cent of all perpetrators are convicted. South Africa, however, is ‘at peace’; the statistics for countries in conflict are much worse. Maunganidze highlighted that the criminal justice system alone cannot address this problem, particularly in conflict-ridden or postconflict nations. For Maunganidze, this highlights the fact that very few victims will experience justice. Maunganidze raised concerns about how most sexual violence goes unreported on account of how it is dealt with by officials – particularly during conflict. She also emphasised the need to ensure that actions taken do not ignore the root causes of the problem. Maunganidze thus proposed that justice should be framed in a manner akin to an analogue clock, with all the parts moving together in unison. She emphasised the need to listen to, and understand the needs of the victims and assess the impact of general accountability mechanisms, as well as the need to work on mechanisms that require, assert and promote peace – including economic vitalisation, community rebuilding and inclusive politics (personal, public, and private). For Maunganidze, this can result in a system that reproduces itself in society. Maunganidze concluded by highlighting the need for holistic care for victims, including provision of basic services and safe spaces, while maintaining justice as a process that can restore people’s dignity and lead to sustainable peace. FANTA DOUMBIA fd President, Organisations de Femmes Actives de Côte d’Ivoire Impact of judicial and non-judicial processes of accountability for sexual violence in Côte d’Ivoire Doumbia’s presentation focused on the impact and actions of victims’ organisations in dealing with post-electoral violence in Côte d’Ivoire in 2010. Doumbia’s organisation, Organisations de Femmes Actives de Côte d’Ivoire, investigated the violence to which women were subjected in the course of the post-electoral violence and documented 766 cases of violence, of which 217 were physical attacks and 75 were cases of rape. Doumbia noted the manner in which Ivorian women were instruments of this conflict. This resulted in nationwide investigations and the creation of a truth and reconciliation commission. A special cell for these investigations was created to determine and prosecute perpetrators of the violations that took place. Despite the widespread proliferation of genderbased violence, none of the documented crimes were gender-based crimes. On account of this, the Organisations de Femmes Actives de Côte d’Ivoire PANEL 5: The impacts of accountability processes for sexual and gender-based violence /21