directed violence and intimidation are evident from the strong survey belief that memories of violence are easily reactivated and that fear of violence and intimidation impact Zimbabweans’ voting decisions. Table 10: Provincial detailing of experience of politically motivated acts of violence since independence Acts of politically motivated violence Intimidation, threat, harassment Theft / damage of personal property Denial of food / starvation Forced removal from home / confiscation of land Closure of a business Loss of a job Arrest, kidnap, abduction Personal injury, sexual assault, torture Witnessed someone else being injured, killed Two provinces with Two provinces with HIGHEST reported LOWEST reported incidence incidence % of respondents who have experienced the acts (in brackets) Harare (50) Manicaland (28) Mash East (39) Bulawayo (24) Bulawayo (20) Masvingo, Mash E (8) Mat South & North (19) Manicaland (8) Mat North (25) Masvingo (6) Midlands (23) Manicaland (4) Harare (13) Mash East (3) Bulawayo (12) Masvingo (2) Harare (9) Masvingo (0.7) Bulawayo (8) Manicaland (0.7) Mat South (12) Mash Central (0.8) Bulawayo (11) Masvingo (0.7) Mat South (12) Masvingo (1) Midlands (11.8) Manicaland (1) Midlands (19) Masvingo (3) Bulawayo (17) Manicaland (3) Harare (52) Mat North (23) Mash East (44) Bulawayo (23) Question: ‘Thinking about the period since independence in 1980, tell me if you personally were ever affected in any of the following ways … Refer only to events that were politically motivated’ [Q44, by Province] Note: ‘Mat’=Matabeleland; ‘Mash’=Mashonaland The provincial-geographic location of exposure to acts of violence indicates that Harare and the Matabeleland provinces, especially Matabeleland South, are regularly the provinces with the highest exposure. In contrast, Manicaland and Masvingo tend to be the two provinces with the lowest incidence of the acts of violence that were explored in Q44, for the period since independence. Table 10 offers a listing of the provinces that were most, or least, exposed to each of the nine acts of politically motivated violence. The data (Table 11) revealed the remarkable difference (in all instances beyond the range of margin of error) of acts of violence and intimidation suffered by supporters of the MDC-T, compared with those of ZANU-PF. Supporters of other parties, for example ZAPU and MDC-M, also experienced such acts, but the actual numbers of party supporters in these two cases were too small for trend analyses. For all nine 31