CEDAW/C/NZL/CO/7 (d) To introduce measures to desegregate gender thematic subjects with a view to ensuring that women and girls equally access non-traditional thematic subject areas, widening their opportunities for future employment and breaking the trend of occupational segregation. Employment 31. The Committee notes with concern the high level of unemployment, especially among young women and within ethnic minority groups. It also notes the persistence in the high levels of occupational segregation. While noting with appreciation the extension of parental leave for the self-employed, the Committee notes with concern the challenges in implementing parental leave, including paid parental leave for men, in ensuring paid leave for seasonal or fixed-term workers with multiple employment relationships, and in increasing the levels of representation of women in managerial and decision-making positions. Furthermore the Committee is concerned about the proposed legislative changes to collective bargaining, allowing employers to hire new workers on lower individual terms even when a union-negotiated collective agreement exists. The Committee takes note that there has been a slight regression with regard to the number of women chief executive officers and directors on boards of private companies since 2007. The Committee further notes with concern the closure of the Pay and Employment Equity Unit in the Department of Labour, and notes that the Ministry of Women’s Affairs lacks a consistent policy for bridging the persistent wage gaps between women and men. 32. The Committee recommends that the State party: (a) Enact appropriate legislation that guarantees the operationalization and implementation of the principle of “equal pay for work of equal value”, in line with article 11 (d) of the Convention; (b) Effectively enforce the principle of equal pay for work of equal value, through establishing specific measures and indicators, identifying time frames to redress pay inequality in different sectors and reviewing the accountabilities of public service chief executives for pay policies; (c) Introduce appropriate legal measures to ensure parental leave, including paid parental leave for men as well as paid leave for seasonal or fixed-term workers with multiple employment relationships, and consider the ratification of ILO Convention 156 concerning workers with family obligations; (d) Adopt policies and take all necessary measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 with time-bound targets, to eliminate occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical; (e) Carry out an independent evaluation of the gendered impact of the reform of collective bargaining and ensure that it does not negatively affect women’s employment and trade union rights; (f) Ensure that there is a monitoring institution for gender pay inequity within the State party’s administration despite the closure of the Pay and Employment Equity Unit in the Department of Labour. Health 33. The Committee commends the State party for its advocacy on the protection of women’s sexual and reproductive health rights and prevention of maternal mortality. The Committee notes with concern, however, the convoluted abortion laws which require women to get certificates from two certified consultants before an abortion can be 8