practice serves to hinder the negative effects of subsequent proceedings in juvenile justice administration for example stigma of conviction and sentence. This usually applies to offences of a non serious nature8. Restorative Justice: aims to achieve restorative outcomes for both the offender and the victim such as reparation, restitution and community service. This is achieved through processes which involve the offender, the victim and, in some cases, the community such as mediation and conciliation. Both the offender and the victim should be reintegrated into the community. Rehabilitation: focuses on restoring the offender through education and therapy to useful life in which they contribute to the society. This prevents habitual offending (recidivism). The punishment inflicted on the offender should make their reintegration into society easier. Such punishment may take the form of community service, probation orders, and any form of punishment which entails some form of guidance and aftercare towards the offender. He/she: the use of the word “he” in this Handbook shall be construed to include “she” whenever appropriate. 1.5. HANDBOOK STRUCTURE This introductory chapter is followed by Chapter 2 which deals with the international legal framework in respect of juvenile justice. This is followed by a review of the national legal framework in Chapter 3 which pays attention to the application of the law in dealing with children in contact with the law. Chapter 4 draws on the workshops that were done with officials in juvenile justice to summarise some of the roles and responsibilities of these officials. Chapter 5 contains the pre-trial diversion programme whilst Chapter 6 contains the conclusions and recommendations. 8 Ibid Rule 11 8