assistance of known ZANU PF supporters. This includes individuals cited in Tsvangirai’s original election petition and individuals interviewed by the authors themselves.100 To conclude: there are convincing accounts that in some rural constituencies, there was systematic, coerced assisted voting. However, the provincial figures are not unusually high compared to the illiteracy rates – and we have only ZEC’s figures to go on. The assisted vote figures for 2013 will now provide a baseline for future elections. 6. CONSTITUENCIES WITH MORE THAN 50% INCREASE IN VOTERS FROM 2008 TO 2013101 Commentators have pointed to the massive increases in some constituency turnouts as indicative of some kind of irregularity, such as alleged busing in of voters from outside constituencies, use of false registration slips, or double voting by some voters.102 The fact that so many of the high turnout constituencies were in ZANU PF strongholds has been seen as indicative of an attempt to bolster the presidential vote for Mugabe. FIGURE 5:                                                              100 ZESN Election 2013 report, page 61, 84‐87 for detailed incidents noted by their observers of assisted voting irregularities in 17 named constituencies. Daily News, “ ‘I can’t read and write’: Learned voters coerced into claiming illiteracy”, Harare, 4 August 2013. 101 See Appendix 5 for actual % increases per constituency in all 51, plus who won each one: also for comparative increases/decreases in MDC‐T vs ZANU PF votes in 15 key constituencies in Harare, Byo and rural Mashonaland. 102 Daily News, “Massive vote fraud unearthed”, Harare, 1August 2013. Southern Eye, “Poll results cause outrage as Tsvangirai rejects outcome”, Harare, 2 August 2013.   41