they could introduce and sustain new dialogues around political change within rural
communities.26
4.
Urban residents as the “unworthy”
During the demolitions, urban populations were sneeringly referred to as “totemless” by
ZANU officials. 27 In a blatant example of this position, Deputy Minister of Industry and
International Trade said in Parliament on 23 June:
90% of all people who have been voted into Parliament from the other side [MDC] are
not indigenous and the [urban] constituencies they talk about have no identity and
recognition.28
To regain legitimacy, urbanites needed to “go back where they came from”, to the rural areas.
This refrain of authentic citizens being only those who had rural roots to return to, resonated
throughout the period of OM. Destroying ‘illegal’ structures in the towns did not matter as
either you were a ‘real, indigenous’ citizen with a rural home to go to, or you were not a ‘real,
indigenous’ citizen, in which case the state was not responsible for you.
5.
Ruralurban links: what is their prevalence and relevance?
As Deborah Potts pointed out in 2008, the reality for many urban‐based Zimbabweans in
relation to their likelihood of having a claim to land and livelihood in a rural area is very
different from the government’s crude assumption that all “real” Zimbabweans can “return” to
a rural home:
… first, over half Zimbabwe’s current urban residents are urban‐born and thus their
rural links are weakened. Second, by 2001 even many recent rural‐urban migrants did
not have the basic asset of rural land to fall back on, and it can be safely assumed that
this would be even truer of the urban‐born.29
The majority of Zimbabweans in urban areas may be able to identify a rural link, but in most
cases this is now more of a sentimental tie to grandparents or other relatives than the reality
of alternative livelihoods in a rural base. The problems of women claiming land rights in rural
areas is further indicated by Potts:
…many divorced, widowed or separated women have migrated to town because they
have been squeezed off the land and their social links in rural areas have become
dysfunctional.
Yet many female‐headed households were among those affected by OM. In Case Study Two
ahead in this report, 37% of household heads in the informal settlement of Killarney in
Bulawayo, consisted of widowed, divorced or single women, who reported having no claim on
26 This suggestion is qualified by recognition that by and large most of those displaced did not in fact return to
rural areas, although some did, for varying lengths of time.
27 Brian Raftopoulos, “The Battle for the cities”, in Financial Gazette, June 3, 2005.
28 Parliamentary Debates, 23 June 2005. Most MDC constituencies were urban after the 2005 election.
29 Potts, Deborah (2008); Displacements and livelihoods: the longer term impacts of Operation Murambatsvina;
published in Vambe, M. (ed) 2008. Zimbabwe: The Hidden Dimensions of Operation Murambatsvina (Harare, Weaver
Press; Pretoria, Africa Institute of South Africa).
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