PART TWO
MURAMBATSVINA: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
IN A BROADER CONTEXT
A. The Displacements
1.
History of displacements in Zimbabwe
Demolitions and forced displacements have a long history in Zimbabwe: during colonial times
there were multiple forced displacements in terms of racist legislation restricting and
decreeing who could live where. The Land Apportionment Act and the Land Tenure Act led to
forced relocation of tens of thousands of black Zimbabweans into some of the country’s least
hospitable and productive land, to make way for white farmers. Entire communities were
removed and dumped in remote and inhospitable regions, where people died in large
numbers from diseases like malaria, to which they had no previous exposure or resistance.13
Restrictions on who could live and work in the cities also led to hardship and dividing of
families throughout the colonial period. During the 1970s war of liberation, entire rural
communities were forced into “protected villages”, in order to try and break the line of supply
and information that was aiding guerrillas in their struggle against the Rhodesian army.14
Considering the long‐standing colonial injustices caused by forced removals and the artificial
creation of native reserves, the forced removal of Zimbabweans from their urban homes on
such a devastating scale in 2005 remains hard to accept. The War of Liberation was fought to
redress all the imbalances of colonialism, including the exclusion of the majority of
Zimbabweans not only from prime farming land, but also from ownership of the cities and
from the advantages offered by urban centres in terms of improved housing, educational and
employment opportunities. As Raftopoulos has pointed out, “…despite the discriminatory
policies they faced, Africans made the cities their home and fought for their rights to live and
raise families in urban areas.”15
2.
Sovereignty, citizenship and denial of citizenship
…state induced displacements and the multi‐layered violence accompanying such
practices… are not an aberration. Rather they appear to be an ever‐present possibility
if not actuality, integral to contemporary as well as past modes of rule and state
making.16
In her 2008 article on sovereignty and state‐making in Zimbabwe, Amanda Hammar makes
the point that Zimbabwe is not unique in using displacement as a common, ‘normalised’
13 Alexander, Jocelyn, JoAnn McGregor and Terence Ranger (2000), Violence and Memory: A Hundred Years in the
‘Dark Forests’of Matabeleland; James Currey, Oxford, for a fascinating and detailed account of the impact of
forced displacements in this region of Zimbabwe during colonial times.
14 Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, (1975) Man in the Middle and Civil War in Rhodesia, CIIR, London.
15 Raftopoulos, Brian, “The battle for the cities”. Zimbabwe Independent, 3 June 2005.
16 Hammar, Amanda (2008), In the Name of Sovereignty: Displacement and State Making in PostIndependence
Zimbabwe; Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 417‐434.
15
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