Psychological torture N 218 % Yes10 82% Threatened Witnessing Harassed 212 206 155 79% 77% 58% Operation Murambatsvina Total cases (N) 35 267 13% Table 7: Reported forms of psychological torture (N=267) In particular, 82% of all clients indicated that they had been exposed to psychological torture in the form of verbal abuse, false accusations, abuse with excrement and sexual abuse without violence. Additionally, 79% of clients stated that they had experienced threats against their person, whilst 77% of clients witnessed violations being performed on others including assault, slapping, kicking; assault with rifle butts, sticks, whips and/or irons; hanging, suspension, electrical shock, rape, and/or falanga. Also included in witnessing are deliberate executions and disappearances of individuals. As in the case with physical torture, clients who indicated that they had been arrested or detained were the most likely to state that they had experienced the different types of psychological torture outlined above. 3.7 Perpetrators of torture Clients were asked to provide information about the individuals involved in inflicting torture. In a number of cases, more than one individual and/or state agent was involved. The findings from this study seem to corroborate previous findings which highlight that perpetrators of human rights violations in Zimbabwe tend to be overwhelmingly persons and structures under the control of the Mugabe government11. The table below shows a breakdown of these entities. 10 Percentages do not add up to 100% because clients were allowed to mention more than one form of psychological torture experienced. 11 See for instance, Zimbabwe - Tortuous Patterns Destined to Repeat Themselves in Upcoming Election Campaign: Preliminary study of trends and associations in the pattern of torture and organised violence in Zimbabwe, July 2001 - December 2003 (Harare: Redress Trust, November 2004); Zimbabwe - The Face of Torture and Organised Violence: Torture and Organised Violence in the run-up to the 31 March 2005 General Parliamentary Election (Harare: Redress Trust, March 2005); Torture in Zimbabwe, Past and Present: Prevention, Punishment, Reparations? (Harare: Redress & Amani Trust, June 2005). 12