One of the major tasks facing new settlers has been clearing land. In A1 village sites, on average each household had cleared 6.8ha by 2008-09, while in A1 self-contained and A2 sites an average of 13.3ha and 23.7ha had been cleared. In the A1 sites most of this was being cultivated. In addition, people have constructed numerous gardens, all of which have required investment in fencing. In addition, people have dug wells, built small dams, planted trees and dug soil conservation works. Investment in fields was complemented by investment in farm equipment, with ploughs, cultivators, pumps and scotch carts purchased in numbers. Building has also been extensive in the new resettlements. Some structures remain built of pole and mud, however, after a year or two, when people’s sense of tenure security had increased, buildings using bricks, cement and tin/asbestos roofing increased. Some very elaborate homes have been built with the very best materials imported from South Africa. Transport has been a major constraint on the new resettlements. With no roads and poor connections to urban areas, there were often no forms of public transport available. This was compounded by the economic crisis, as many operators closed down routes. This had a severe impact. Lack of access to services – shops, schools, clinics – and markets meant that people suffered. Investing in a means of transport was often a major priority. The value of investments !"#$%&"'& ()*+%,-+),& .*+/01+&*02$+&"'&()*+%,-+),&3+/&4"$%+4"25&6789:& !"#$%&'(")"#&(% *+,- ./012#34502'$2#31 *6+7 8"99'(% *67: ;")<%(=02><(#9% *7?, @)"#1>/)9% *7-A @/2'(91% *BB C")$(#%D(#&2#3% *:? E(''1% *B? ;",02& 9<=>= Bicycles in particular were bought in large numbers, but also cars, pick-ups and trucks. What is the value of all this investment? A simple set of calculations which compute the cost of labour and materials used or the replacement cost of the particular item show that, on average, each household had invested over US$2000 in a variety of items in the period from settlement to 2008-09. This is of course only a small subset of the total. In addition such private investment does not account for investments at the community level. Across our sites, churches have been established, schools have been built, roads cut and areas for shops carved out as part of community efforts. Labour and materials have been mobilised without any external help. 10