perpetrators – ZRP Riot Squad, the CIO, the ZNA, and the youth militia – were more frequently reported by the non-activist group.86 However, activists were more likely to report that their violation had occurred at police stations, and Harare Central Police station was significantly more frequently mentioned by activists.87 There were very interesting differences reported between the two groups in terms of the alleged violations [see Table 24 below extracted from Appendix 3]. Activists were significantly more likely to report serious violations, and, additionally, activists were more likely to report multiple violations.88 Table 24 Comparison of activists and no-activists, Alleged violations, 2000 to 2006. Non-activist Activist [n=326] [n=905] Arson 0 0 Assault 144[44%] 372[41%] Attempted murder 4[1%] 0 Death threats 10[3%] 48[5%] Displacement 55[17%]* 25[3%] Interference with freedoms 12[4%] 146[16%]* Kidnapping 14[4%] 15[2%] Murder 0 0 Political intimidation 52[16%] 251[28%]* Property destruction 32[10%]* 14[2%] Rape 1[0.3%] 2[0.2%] Torture 37[11%] 141[16%] Unlawful detention 83[26%] 368[41%]** Unlawful arrest 86[26%] 313[35%]** *p=0.005; **p=0.01 Thus, a number of important differences emerged between those who openly expressed political or civic affiliation and others. Most important amongst these are the findings that activists are more likely to have experienced serious violations, multiple violations, occurring at police stations, and, of police stations, Harare Central Police station was significantly more commonly reported than any other police station. Involvement of senior police officers There were a large number of names given as the alleged perpetrators, and, amongst these, were a fair number of police officers of senior rank. Additionally, a number of these names are mentioned on more than one occasion. This is of great concern, and leads immediately to speculation about the systematic nature of the human rights violations. Accordingly, an analysis 86 See Table 23, Appendix 3. 87 These were significantly different: Non-activist versus activist, violation at police stations [16% v 20%, p=0.025]; Violation took place at Harare Central Police station [4% v 8%; p=0.025]. 88 Non-activist versus activist, number of different violation types [1.84 v 2.02; p=0.005]. Who guards the guards? Violations by the Zimbabwe Republic Police, 2000 to 2006