the involvement of the ZNA in situations outside the declaration of martial law or a state of emergency, which, under the Zimbabwe Constitution, are the only times that it would be expected that the army would be deployed. For example, in a recent High Court judgement, it was ruled that the deploying of the ZNA in order to quell a strike was an unnecessary use of force [see earlier]. For the purposes of the present report, however, the concern was to examine those cases in which the army are cited as alleged perpetrators acting in concert with the ZRP. This gave a very small sample of cases [n=34], but this sample was then compared with the cases in which the ZNA were not mentioned at all There were no real differences between the two groups, save a weak association between the ZRP and ZNA in Mashonaland West Province.93 However, there were some very interesting differences in the temporal distribution, with the ZNA significantly more likely to be operating with the ZRP in 2000 and 2004.94 The ZNA were significantly more likely to be mentioned in reports that involved both the ZRP and the CIO,95 and significantly more likely to be named as perpetrators by members of the MDC.96 The NCA members, by way of contrast were much more likely to mention the ZRP rather than the ZNA as the perpetrators.97 There were few differences in the alleged violations, and the only association with the army was with kidnappings [abductions] in which the ZRP and ZNA were alleged to be involved. However, whilst there no other significant differences, it should be noted that two trends approximated statistical significance; assaults and torture were both mentioned as more frequent in the ZRP/ZNA group, and the frequencies were very high indeed.98 Finally a large number of ZRP members are identified by name in the case reports, some with a high frequency indeed. Of the worst offenders, nearly half of those named [46%] were persons holding some rank above that of constable. This is shocking indeed, and it is more shocking when it is realized that, of the entire sample of cases in which the perpetrators were named, persons holding rank above constable are 31% of this sample. Names could be provided for 19% 93 ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, Mashonaland West Province [21% v 10%; p=0.1]. 94 ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, 2002 [30% v 15%; p=0.05]; ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, 2004[32% v 18%; p=0.05]. 95 ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, CIO [ 21% v 3%;p=0.005]. 96 ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, MDC [53% V 35%; P=0.05]. 97 ZRP & ZNA versus ZRP only, NCA [0 v 25%; p=0.005]. 98 See Table 26, Appendix 35. Who guards the guards? Violations by the Zimbabwe Republic Police, 2000 to 2006