15 property being destroyed as punishment, livestock being confiscated, and fines being imposed, both individually and collectively, for failure to assist the security forces. It is probable, in the words of one district person, that everyone either directly experienced violence or witnessed it. A report on the survivors of violence in Mount Darwin District was prepared in 1995 (Reeler & Mupinda.1995), and this has remained the most complete report to date. This report summarised the results of screenings in the outpatient departments of two District hospitals: Mount Darwin District Hospital and Karanda Mission Hospital. A total of 182 persons with psychological disorders were identified at the 2 hospitals, as well as 57 survivors of organized violence. As a whole, there were not many differences between the two groups, and it was clear that the screening procedure adopted would identify both psychological disorder and disorders due to organized violence with high accuracy. Ordinary psychological disorders are those conditions such as anxiety, depression, and the like, whose causation is not traumatic, but largely insidious or characterological, whilst disorders due to violence have clear traumatic origins. This is a distinction according to causation rather than the form the disorder takes, which may be difficult to distinguish in many conditions apart from whether there exist traumatic nor non-traumatic origins. For example, depression can be the long-term consequence of torture, as well as having non-traumatic origins. These issues apart, it was clear that there were large numbers of both survivors and psychological disorders attending the outpatient departments of these two hospitals, and this corroborated the general picture found in Zimbabwe. As regards the survivors of organized violence, this was a significant group in terms of numbers, about 34% of all psychological cases in the outpatient setting, and, of the forms of violence experienced by the survivors, very high rates of physical torture were reported.35 Both samples reported beatings at about the same rate, but the more unusual forms of torture - abnormal postures, submarino, and electrical shock - were reported more frequently at Karanda. High rates of psychological torture were reported by both samples. The two samples reported very high rates of witnessing of violence by family members, and, disturbingly, very high rates of witnessing by children at the time. Furthermore, the two samples also reported very high rates of witnessing torture and executions by the survivors who were assessed. The survivors reported high rates of torture, killings, and disappearances in other family members. Disappearances were a significant problem reported by these survivors, and AMANI carried out a small investigation of the consequences of disappearances on families.36 The preliminary data indicated that families were deeply troubled by the disappearances. The injuries reported by survivors complimented the kinds of violence and torture reported. In general, the Karanda sample reported higher rates of physical symptoms than the Mount Darwin sample, but both samples reported high rates of symptoms that would be expected to be the consequence of physical abuse. The psychological symptoms indicated many symptoms that were congruent with diagnoses of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD). Not all cases of torture resulted in PTSD, but Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorders and Depressive Disorders were also commonly seen in this clinical population. 35 A more recent unpublished report indicates that 1 adult in 10 attending a health care facility in Mount Darwin District is torture or organised violence victim; here see Reeler, A.P., et al (1997), “Prevalence of Torture-related psychological disorders in Mount Darwin District”, (in preparation). 36 See Mupinda.(1995), Loss and Grief among the Shona: The Meaning of Disappearances, Paper presented to VIIth International Symposium on "Torture as a Challenge to the Medical Profession", Cape Town, 14-17 November 1995.