30 \ Global Youth Development Index and Report 2016 Figure 2.1  The world’s population by age and sex, 2015 and 2100 forecast Global population by age and sex, millions 2015 2100 forecast Male Female Male Female 100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 Source: UN Population Division Progress has been made in all the five domains of the YDI, with improvements in the Civic Participation and Political Participation domains being the largest, followed by Employment and Opportunity, Health and Well-being, then Education. Figure 2.3 shows the percentage change in each of the five YDI domains between 2010 and 2015. The improvement in Global YDI scores between 2010 and 2015 is primarily the result of improvement in four indicators included in the Index: existence of a youth policy, holding an account at a financial Figure 2.2  Change in YDI scores by number of countries, 2010–2015 institution, helping a stranger and adolescent fertility rate. Other indicators that showed marginal improvement over the same period include youth mortality, youth literacy rates, alcohol abuse and mental health. Between 2010 and 2015 there was a deterioration at the global level for only two indicators: the drug abuse rate and the youth-toadult unemployment ratio. Of the nine world regions, Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the largest improvement in its overall youth development levels between 2010 and 2015, followed by Asia-Pacific, Central America and the Caribbean, then Europe. With a negligible increase in their YDI scores, Russia and Eurasia and Figure 2.3  Change in YDI scores by domain, 2010–2015 40 1 142 Civic Participation Political Participation Employment & Opportunity Health & Well-being 142 Improvement Education 1 No change 40 Deterioration Source: Commonwealth Secretariat 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% Percentage change Source: Commonwealth Secretariat 6% Improvement 7%