Contents 3 Pushing for Change: Youth and Political Participation 67 Highlights 67 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Youth participation explained 68 3.3 Losing faith: young people and formal politics 71 3.4 Informal youth participation is on the rise 72 3.5 Youth participation in the digital age 75 3.6 Partners in development: youth-led environmental activism 76 3.7 Inequality in youth participation 78 3.8 Improving youth participation: the policy response 78 3.9 Conclusion 80 Notes 83 References 84 4 Agents of Peace: Young People and Violent Conflict 91 4.1 Defining violence 91 4.2 Relationship between youth development and violence 92 4.3 How does violence affect youth development? 96 4.4 Youth and peace-building 98 4.5 Conclusion 100 Notes 103 References 104 5 Building A Youth-Friendly World: A Long Way to Go 111 Note 115 Reference 115 6 2016 Global Youth Development Index: Country Rankings and Domain Scores 118 6.1 Domain ranks and scores for the Youth Development index, 2016 118 6.2 YDI ranks for Commonwealth countries, 2016 130 6.3 YDI overall score by country, 2016 132 Annexes 137 Annex 1  YDI Technical Advisory Committee 137 Annex 2  Methodology of the Youth Development Index 138 Annex 3  Regional Youth Development Index indicator scores in 2015 147 Annex 4  Correlations to development indicators 151 Notes 155 References 155 \ vii