Council Decision.11 The Council Decision also applied an asset freeze and travel ban against 20 listed individuals, increased six months later to 79 (by 2002/754/CFSP). Individual EU members were to enforce the travel bans while the arms embargo and assets freeze formed part of regulations, EC 310/2002. Expanded regulations were introduced as EC 314/2004 pursuant to Council Decision 2004/161/CFSP. The Council Decision of 2011/101/CFSP refined and repealed 2004/161/CFSP and became the reference decision for subsequent Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) decisions which amended and added to it. The arms embargo comprised bans on technical assistance, financing and financial assistance related to military activities, a ban on the export of equipment which might be used for internal repression. Annex 1 to the regulations set out a lengthy list of equipment which falls within the ban The restrictive measures were renewed annually by the Council, albeit usually with an updated annex of listed individuals and entities. The number of people and entities on the list peaked after the violence of 2008, with 203 individuals and 40 entities listed – Council Decision 2009/68/CFSP. Beginning with that year, the reasons for an individual being on the list were added to the annex. Over the period of the Inclusive Government (2009 – 2013) the number of the people on the list declined, and derogations allowed for the arms embargo and travel bans. In 2010, nine entities were removed from the list and in 2013 (after what the EU considered a successful constitutional referendum), restrictive measures on the majority of individuals and entities were suspended (with a further eight following in 2014) and travel restrictions eased slightly. By 2016, only President Mugabe and his wife were subjected to a travel ban and asset freeze with restrictive measures against the heads of the five security sectors remaining, but suspended. The appropriate measures under the Cotonou agreement barring direct aid to the government of Zimbabwe were suspended in August 2012 and, then, by virtue of Council Decision 2014/96/EU expired on 1 November 2014. Due to the violence of 1 August, 2018 and January 2019, Article 8 of the Cotonou agreement providing for political dialogue between the Government of Zimbabwe and the European Union (EU) was re-activated in June. Further changes in 2019 by 2019/284/CFSP and the death of Mugabe mean that the only current restrictive measures by the EU are as follows: • • • Robert and Grace Mugabe and Zimbabwe Defence Industries remain subject to the restrictive measures (although Robert Mugabe is now deceased, the asset freeze would still have application to his estate if any part thereof is in the EU); Perence (sic) Shiri, Constantino Chiwenga Philip Valerio Sibanda remain on the list but the restrictive measures are suspended. The arms embargo against Zimbabwe remains in place. After Brexit, the UK will continue the measures through the Zimbabwe (Sanctions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 made under the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018. The United States The USA has two forms of sanctions relevant to Zimbabwe. The first is imposed by Executive Order, with the President using powers under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701), the second by the Zimbabwe Economic Recovery and Democracy Act. 11 The supply of 450 Land Rovers to the Zimbabwe Republic Police was also halted, see – Paul Williams: The Europeanization of British Foreign Policy and the Crisis in Zimbabwe POLSIS, European Research Institute, University of Birmingham p8. 4