(c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields. The right to freedom of expression under article 19 (2) of (ICCPR) includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds ‘in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice’. In General Comment No. 34 concerning Article 19, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (herein UNHRC) elaborated on the nature of state obligations regarding freedom of expression and provided for a spectrum of ideas and/or information that is covered and therefore protected by Article 19 as follows:74 “Paragraph 2 requires States Parties to guarantee the right to freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information ideas of all kinds regardless of frontiers. This right and receipt includes the and expression of communications of every form of idea and opinion capable of transmission to others, subject to the provisions in article 19, and article 20. It paragraph 3, includes political discourse, commentary on one’s own and on public affairs, canvassing, and discussion of human rights, cultural and artistic expression, teaching, and religious may also include scope commercial embraces even expression that such expression may be advertising. The of journalism, discourse. paragraph It 2 may be regarded as deeply offensive, although restricted in accordance with the provisions of article 19, paragraph 3 and article 20”. (emphasis added). 74 General Comment No, 34, para. 15. 60 | P a g e