• People who are minor or subordinate e.g. students, armed forces, refugees, prisoners • Individuals who engage in illegal, socially unacceptable and stigmatizing activities e.g. prostitutes 14. • Poor people and those dependent on social welfare programmes • Women from cultures where their autonomy is not sufficiently recognised Guiding principal 14: Risk reduction interventions. Appropriate risk reduction counselling and and access to preventive methods should be provided to all vaccine trial participation • All vaccine trial participants should receive comprehensive counselling concerning methods of reducing risk to HIV transmission 15. Guiding principal 15: Care and treatment. Best proven care and treatment attainable in host and sponsor countries for HIV and AIDS and associated complications should be provided to the participants in HIV vaccine trails. A comprehensive care and treatment package should be agreed upon prior to initiating the trial. 16. Guiding principal 16: Infants, children and adolescents should be included in HIV vaccine trials in order to verify safety, immunogenecity and efficacy from their stand point. Efforts should be taken to design HIV vaccine development programmes that address the particular ethical and legal considerations relevant to infants, children and adolescents and safeguard their rights and welfare during participation. 17. Guiding principal 17: Women. Women, including those who are potencially pregnant, pregnant or breastfeeding should be recipients of future HIV 26