29 CHAPTER 3 CITIZENSHIP 3.1 Zimbabwean citizenship (1) Persons are Zimbabwean citizens by birth, descent or registration. (2) All Zimbabwean citizens are equally entitled to the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship and are equally subject to the duties and obligations of citizenship. (3) All Zimbabwean citizens are entitled to the following rights and benefits, in addition to any others granted to them by law— (a) to the protection of the State wherever they may be; (b) to passports and other travel documents; and (c) to birth certificates and other identity documents issued by the State. (4) Zimbabwean citizens have the following duties, in addition to any others imposed upon them by law— (a) to be loyal to Zimbabwe; (b) to observe this Constitution and to respect its ideals and institutions; (c) to respect the national flag and the national anthem; and (d) to the best of their ability, to defend Zimbabwe and its sovereignty. 3.2 Citizenship by birth (1) Persons are Zimbabwean citizens by birth if they are born in Zimbabwe and, when they are born— (a) either their mother or father is a Zimbabwean citizen; or (b) either of their grandparents is a Zimbabwean citizen by birth or descent. (2) Persons born outside Zimbabwe are Zimbabwean citizens by birth if, when they are born, either of their parents is a Zimbabwean citizen and— (a) ordinarily resident in Zimbabwe; or (b) working outside Zimbabwe for the State or an international organisation. (3) A child found in Zimbabwe who is, or appears to be, less than fifteen years of age, and whose nationality and parents are not known, is presumed to be a Zimbabwean citizen by birth. 3.3 Citizenship by descent (1) Persons born outside Zimbabwe are Zimbabwean citizens by descent if, when they are born— (a) either of their parents or grandparents was a Zimbabwean citizen by birth or descent; or (b) either of their parents was a Zimbabwean citizen by registration;