4.6.1 Member States ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Decisions of other regional bodies of significance to women’s rights ......................37 4.7 4.7.1 Gravity of Domestic Violence ............................................................................................................. 37 4.7.2 Rape as Torture .......................................................................................................................................... 37 4.7.3 States’ Due Diligence Responsibility .............................................................................................. 38 4.7.4 Non-Discrimination ................................................................................................................................... 39 ANNEXURE 4A: Standard Format for the Submission of Communications to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ................................................................................................. 40 5. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES ............................... 42 5.1 UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) ..............................................................................................................................................................42 5.1.1 Substantive protections ......................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.2 Admissibility and Procedures .............................................................................................................. 43 5.1.3 Significant Decisions on Violence ..................................................................................................... 43 i) ii) Domestic violence ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Failures in judicial response to sexual violence ...................................................................... 44 5.1.4 Limitations and Opportunities ........................................................................................................... 45 5.2 The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 46 5.2.1 Substantive protections ......................................................................................................................... 46 5.2.2 Admissibility and Procedure ................................................................................................................ 46 5.2.3 The General Comments and Decisions of the Human Rights Committee .................. 46 i) Prohibition of discrimination .............................................................................................................. 46 ii) Torture of family members of the disappeared ....................................................................... 47 iii) Recognition of due diligence obligations to prevent and respond to harm by nonState actors .............................................................................................................................................................. 47 iv) Reproductive Rights ................................................................................................................................. 48 5.2.4 Limitations and Opportunities ................................................................................................................ 48 United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) .....................................................49 5.3 5.3.1 Admissibility and Procedure ................................................................................................................ 50 5.3.2 Committee Against Torture (CAT) on Violence Against Women ..................................... 50 5.3.3 Limitations and Opportunities ........................................................................................................... 52 Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council ..............................................................53 5.4 5.4.1 Possibilities and Limitations of the Special Procedures ...................................................... 53 Annexure 5A: Useful links on Special Procedures ..................................................................................... 55 6. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AND CRIMINAL LAW .................... 57 6.1 Sexual Violence under International Humanitarian Law ................................................57 6.2 Inter-state Cases Using Humanitarian Law ...........................................................................57 iv INTRODUCTION | REDRESS