Ad-hoc Criminal Tribunals ...........................................................................................................58
6.3
6.3.1
Judgments on Sexual Violence ........................................................................................................... 58
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Prohibition of Sexual Violence and Recognition of its Serious Nature ........................ 58
No Consent under Coercive Circumstances ................................................................................ 59
Defining Rape and Sexual Violence ................................................................................................. 59
Advancing the Definition and Jurisprudence on Sexual Slavery ..................................... 60
Rape as Torture .......................................................................................................................................... 61
Rape as means of Genocide ................................................................................................................. 62
International Criminal Court (ICC) ...........................................................................................62
6.4
6.4.1
Jurisdiction and Admissibility ............................................................................................................. 63
6.4.2
Sending Information about a Situation.......................................................................................... 63
6.4.3
Prosecution of Sexual Violence at the ICC .................................................................................. 64
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Evidence of sexual violence but no accountability for it ................................................... 64
Accused Considers Rape Not as Serious as Torture ................................................................ 65
Implications of the Confirmation Decision .................................................................................. 66
Fallout of the Confirmation Decision ............................................................................................. 66
ANNEXURE 6A: Gender Integration in the Statute of the International Criminal Court ..... 68
ANNEXURE 6B: Gender Based Violence charges at the ICC as of May 2012................................ 69
7. LITIGATION AND ADVOCACY STRATEGIES ................................... 70
Documenting Evidence of Sexual Violence ..........................................................................70
7.1
7.1.1
Evidence for Prosecution at the National Level....................................................................... 71
7.1.2
Evidence of Sexual Violence for International Courts .......................................................... 71
7.1.3
Evidence showing Sexual Violence Nexus to ‘attack’ ........................................................... 72
7.2
Basic Information in a Witness Statement ............................................................................73
7.3
Litigation strategies .......................................................................................................................74
7.3.1
Domestic litigation strategies ............................................................................................................ 74
7.3.2
Litigation Strategies at the Regional or International Level............................................. 75
National Advocacy ...........................................................................................................................77
7.4
7.4.1
8.
National Courts Applying International Standards .................................................................. 78
CONCLUSION .................................................................... 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................... 82