to four million Zimbabweans were living in the diaspora, while Tevera and Crush (2003)
projected that at least one emigrant exists per household. The estimates vary so much that even
the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) faces challenges in trying to catalogue the
number of Zimbabweans living outside of the country.
There is, however, consensus that the majority of Zimbabweans living permanently outside
Zimbabwe are living in South Africa (Makina, 2010). While there is not agreement on the exact
number, literature suggests that the number of Zimbabweans are living in South Africa alone
varies from slightly below a million to above 4 million (de Jager & Musuva, 2015; Pasura, 2008;
Zanamwe & Devillard 2009; Makina, 2010). Observers note that, since elections in 2013, the
number of Zimbabweans leaving the country has doubled while significant number remains
documented.
While researchers have shown a lot of interest in Zimbabweans emigrating from their country to
live South Africa, there are currently no estimates for other Southern African countries
(Zanamwe & Devillard, 2009). In an effort to try to come up with a migration profile and
estimates of Zimbabweans living outside the country on a permanent basis, Zimbabwe National
Statistics Agency (ZimStat) has started a process of engaging stakeholders and other government
agencies in an attempt to put together all possible data. The results of this process are expected
possibly in the second or third quarter of 2017.
Special Voting
To avoid the disenfranchisement of specific groups, the reinstatement of special voting should be
considered as it enables electoral officials and the security services on duty on Election Day to
vote in advance. It can also be extended to party agents, observers, prisoners, candidates and
hospital staff thereby protecting their right to vote. The Special Vote was abolished by the
Electoral Amendment Act (2014), which reintroduced the postal voting for government officials
on duty. Although the Special Vote was characterised by logistical and management challenges it
was a positive development in ensuring the right to vote and secrecy of the ballot. Postal voting
is opaque as compared to special voting which can be observed and guarantees secrecy. In South
Africa, the disabled and the physically infirm, including heavily pregnant women, are eligible for
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