life. This corroborates other work that suggests that women in general are disengaged from
politics qua politics.
To further examine this, we then tested these largely correlational findings by testing
the hypotheses detailed earlier.
Testing Social Capital
The first set of hypotheses revolved around the theory that social capital should
engender greater participation. Using a cut-off on the social capital score based on the mean
and the standard deviation, with the highest possible score being six (6), we hypothesized that
a high social capital score would be greater than four (4).
Table 3: Effects of Hi and Lo Social Capital on participation
Hi
Social
Capital
(>=4)
N=726
(24%)
Access to Information
Lo Social
Capital (>4)
N=2279
(76%)
df
t
Sig
(2-tailed)
.93
1.06
3003
-2.435
0.015
Freedoms
1.13
.86
3003
7.165
0.000
Political Participation
2.01
1.88
3003
1.531
ns
Agency
.18
.04
3003
9.303
0.000
Support for Democracy
1.83
1.34
3003
10.023
0.000
Political Trust
3.25
1.94
3003
12.311
0.000
As seen in Table 3, apart from access to information, high social capital resulted in a
range of significant differences. Those with high social capital were more likely to claim
freedoms, political participation, agency, support for democracy, and political trust. This
appeared to moderate the findings of the factor analysis, but there remained the finding in the
first factor: that “middle class” was not related to social capital. Thus, we re-ran the analysis
using residence, rural or urban, as the dependent variable, and included social capital as one
of the independent variables.
This new analysis is shown in Table 4. Rural women show significantly higher scores
on every measure, including social capital, apart from access to information. Thus, it can be
concluded that rural women have higher social capital than urban women, but are also much
more participatory in socio-political life.
Table 4: Comparison of Rural and Urban women and Social Capital
Urban
N=1065
(35.5%)
Rural
N=1938
(64.5%)
df
t
Sig (2-tailed)
Social Capital
2.60
2.71
3001
-11.530
0.000
Access to Information
1.98
0.50
3001
37.891
0.000
Freedoms
0.81
.99
3001
-5.360
0.000
Political Participation
1.67
2.05
3001
-5.029
0.000
Agency
0.04
.09
3001
-3.820
0.000
Support for Democracy
1.38
1.50
3001
-2.510
0.012
Political Trust
1.63
2.60
3001
-10.035
0.000
12
Select target paragraph3
Add to table of contents