16 In order to get a better idea about how widespread is the use of falanga, estimates were made from reports given to the Human Rights Forum. Here, 573 cases reported between 2000 and 2002 were analysed with respect to falanga. As can be seen [Table 4], the ZRP was strongly implicated in the use of torture, including falanga during the period 2000 to 2002, and clearly an association between both torture and falanga occurring in places of detention. During election periods significantly more torture is perpetrated by groups other than the police, although it is evident that a large number of victims [32%] do report violations at the hands of the ZRP during elections. Table 4 Comparison of ZRP involvement with other types of perpetrators. Source: Medical reports to the Human Rights Forum ZRP [n=112] Assault Political intimidation Torture Detained in custody Held at militia base Incident during election Displaced as a result of incident Falanga used 22% 9% 49%* 46%* 4% 32% 44%* Other perpetrators [n=461] 48%* 20%** 6% 1% 16%* 64%* 28% 13%** 7% *p=0.005; **p=0.01 However, it is evident that torture does not only occur at the hands of the ZRP, and that it has been used by many other groups affiliated to the Government, such as Zanu (PF) supporters, mostly in connection with elections. As the Human Rights Forum has frequently pointed out, most serious human rights violations tend to increase dramatically during elections, 39 and this is seen most dramatically during the 2008 elections where the use of torture and falanga are reported as being carried out by a wide range of non-state agents. 39 See again Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2006), An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998–2006. Published by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. June 2006, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM. See also Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminary analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM; Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Who was responsible? A consolidated analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM; Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), “Are They Accountable?: Examining alleged violators and their violations pre and post the Presidential Election March 2002”, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM. Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. Only bruises on the soles of their feet. The use of Falanga by the Zimbabwe Republic Police.