rural homes. Yet all were dumped in rural areas in 2005, and have made their way back to
Killarney over the last few years. Zimbabwe’s history of migrant labour also means that many
people born in Zimbabwe are of foreign African ancestry and as such have no local rural links.
In the Killarney case study, 48% of respondents reported that their parents were born outside
of Zimbabwe. Several reported having been born in this informal settlement, and knowing no
other home.
Potts acknowledges the significance to a minority of urban dwellers, of having active rural
livelihood links, but adds:
As each successive new generation is born in towns, the proportion of the total
population who can ‘return’ to rural ‘homes’ reduces. Gender, nationality and land
availability are other important factors influencing rural linkages…. Linkages between
African rural and urban areas can serve many positive socio‐economic functions if there
is freedom of movement and settlement.30
OM on the other hand blatantly and cynically violated this principle of free movement,
resulting in massive material and other losses for ultimately millions of innocent civilians.
Most of those forcibly displaced and removed to rural areas had returned within a year, after
failing to establish livelihoods there, as our report in 2006 illustrated.31
As our current report shows, some urban residents have, in very recent years, gone to rural
homes – but this has been an option of economic last resort. If, in the future, the formal
economy begins to recover meaningfully, increasing the possibility of urban employment, one
could predict that there would once more be a rural to urban drift. The important issue is that
freedom of movement and settlement should be maintained, without state coercion.
B. The Informal Sector and OM
1.
Fear of an uprising: threat of increased organisation of the informal sector
OM began in May 2005 with the massive dismantling of Zimbabwe’s informal trading sector.
This has been interpreted as a pre‐emptive strike against escalating social desperation,
combined with the trades unions moving to organize and unionise the informal sector.32 By
removing all vendors, OM depopulated urban centres, removed informal structures and
physically cleared the streets of places to hide; this undermined the possibility of any kind of
organised mass action against the government. By confusing and demoralising people, and by
sending in overwhelming force, OM itself did not give rise to more than token resistance, left
people disorientated and destroyed neighbourhood groupings and political structures.33 The
damage to the unions and democratic movement caused by OM was reinforced with the
30 ibid.
31 SPT (2006), Meltdown.
32 The ZCTU confirmed that they had quietly been organizing and unionizing this sector, including in small
centres across Zimbabwe, for some months prior to OM: interview Wellington Chibhebe, October 2005.
33In the first few days of the operation in late May, in Glen View and White Cliff Farm, some groups tried
resistance and were quickly subdued. The Standard, 29 May 2005; “Terror of ‘black boots’ in Glen View”. The
Saturday Herald, 28 May 2005; “President backs clean‐up”.
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