BUTA also accused the BCC of setting up five new vendors’ associations, each of which has
only a score of members, apparently with the intention of giving these associations equal
status in future in any negotiations with BUTA. They perceive these associations as mere
fronts for the MDC T councillors’ interests.
6.
“Kukiyakiya”
It is ironic that the informal sector moved further towards precisely the sort of illegalities that
OM claimed to be ending, as a direct result of the economic chaos that OM helped to
precipitate. Repeated crackdowns have meant that parts of the informal sector were forced to
become more clandestine, particularly during the total economic meltdown of 2008, and this
has created a new generation of entrepreneurs who survive by “kukiyakiya” – a colloquial
Shona term that means indulging cleverly in rather shady enterprises if necessary, and
becoming adept at seizing opportunities on the spur of the moment.58
Paying bribes to officials in order to eke out a living has become a recognized part of survival,
and people have had to adjust their previous ideas of which types of work are in keeping with
the retention of personal dignity and self‐respect. Zimbabweans with tertiary training have
found themselves both within and without Zimbabwe having to work in menial tasks for
which they are dramatically over qualified. Others have found themselves resorting to high‐
return, illegal jobs in which the state is complicit, for example in money changing on the
parallel currency markets.59
During 2008, when price control clampdowns and multi‐million percent inflation literally
emptied all businesses of goods, the only goods available to anyone in the country were those
sold on the black market ‐ out of private homes and in alley‐ways, brought into the country by
cross border traders. Those who would consider themselves generally law abiding, were
forced into such purchases to get any and all commodities – paying in foreign exchange, which
was officially illegal at the time. Some small‐scale dealers thrived in the murky world that
Zimbabwe’s economy had become by 2008, but far more simply collapsed into unspeakable
poverty.60
By 2010, even as around 90% of Zimbabweans continue in the “desperate employment” of the
informal sector, surviving by vending has become increasingly difficult, as shops now stock
and sell imported goods legally in foreign exchange, meaning that small scale cross border
trading is virtually without profit for individuals. While goods are available, stocks
conspicuously sit for months on the shelves unsold, beyond the economic reach of the vast
numbers of Zimbabwe’s very poor.
Raids on vendors, and the need to pay police and municipal officials in order to be “protected”
from such raids, remains a way of life, ensuring that most vendors continue to live on the
fragile edge of survival. Members of BUTA confirm that arrests continue daily in urban centres
around the country – police will even go to the private homes of vendors and seize all the
goods in locked rooms, breaking down the doors, not happy with simply seizing all the goods
58 Jeremy Jones (2010): 'Nothing is Straight in Zimbabwe': The Rise of the Kukiyakiya Economy 20002008; in
JSAS special edition, op cit.
59 Mawowa, Showers and Matongo, Alois (2010): Inside Zimbabwe's Roadside Currency Trade: The 'World Bank' of
Bulawayo, in JSAS, ibid, Pages 319 – 337.
Hammar, Amanda, JoAnn McGregor and Loren Landau (2010). Introduction. Displacing Zimbabwe: Crisis and
Construction in Southern Africa, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol 36, Issue 2, pp. 263 - 283.
60 See
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