As was found with risk aversion, there are pronounced differences between rural and urban citizens. Firstly, there are expected changes in all measures between 2004 and 2005 for both the rural and urban respondents. Very few in either group are not careful what they say in public, but it is interesting that, in 2009, the urban respondents show greater frequencies in three of the variables than they did in 2004. Figure 3: Changes in Political Participation, Rural & Urban 80 70 60 free to say what you think 50 free to join any organisation 40 30 voting freedom 20 Not careful about what you say 10 0 Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural 2004 2005 2009 The converse may be true for the rural respondents who show lower frequencies on the three variables – free to say, free to join and free to vote – which may be a consequence again of the 2008 elections and the violence that accompanied the election, especially in the rural areas (see section on Political Affiliation also). Community Participation Whilst Political Participation may be risky in Zimbabwe, it might be hypothesised that Community Participation might be less so, and particularly for urban residents. Figure 4: Changes in Community Participation, Rural & Urban 80 70 Discuss politics with friends and family 60 50 Attend a community meeting 40 30 Join others to raise an issue 20 10 2004 2005 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 0 2009 Attend a demonstration or protest march There are again differences between the two groups, but for rural respondents not such a marked change due to OM as for the urban group. Few in either group report attending demonstrations or protests, but the big difference between the two groups is the very marked in all types of Community Participation for the urban group. There is very large change from 2004 to 2005, but a minimal increase by 2009, about half of what it was in 2004. 9