TABLE 18 Frequency of violations against farmers, their families, and their employees. Source: JAG/RAU.200864 FAMILY EMPLOYEES Field Min Max Min Max Abduction or kidnapping 0.56 0.18 0.03 0.34 Assault 3.4 1.24 1.23 2.36 Death threats 12.75 17.19 2.21 3.36 Denied food relief if not a member of ZANU PF 0 0 8.17 10.69 Disappearance 0 5.58 0 0.11 Displacement 0 0 21.97 14.98 Forced to attend political meetings 8.11 2.01 19.95 19.29 Forced to contribute to ZANU PF 8.13 1.86 19.1 14.35 Held hostage 8.81 1.56 0.1 1.06 Murder 0 0.25 0 0.02 Political intimidation 20.03 24.84 22.53 14.85 Rape 0 0 0.01 0.04 Intimidation of foremen 0 0 0.67 1.1 Torture 0 0.92 0.4 1.47 Unlawful arrest 1.79 0.74 0.07 0.58 Unlawful detention 0.31 0.38 0.02 0.66 Children forced to join ZANU PF 0 0 3.55 14.75 Violation Total 29,003 325,920 1,135,321 3,951,129 GRAND TOTAL Min 1,164,324 Max 4,277,049 4.7 Refugee reports The refugee population from Zimbabwe is another important source of information about the prevalence of gross human rights violations, and with an extremely large number of Zimbabweans now living outside Zimbabwe provides a very contentious population upon which to generate any estimate of these violations. It is contentious in the main because there is denial, especially in South Africa, that this population is anything more than economic migrants. This assertion is strongly refuted by several studies in South Africa. The first of these was carried out by the Zimbabwe Torture Victims/Survivors Project then run by Idasa65. This was a “snap” survey of 236 Zimbabweans living in 5 different areas of Gauteng, which showed that 85% had gone to South Africa after 2000, with 34% indicating that they had left Zimbabwe for political reasons, and 30% reporting that they had been direct victims of torture in Zimbabwe. A second report from the same project (now run by CSVR), which focused on female survivors, indicated that over 84% of the sample had arrived since 200466. They were generally young, with an average age of 29 years, and were mostly single. Most [63%] reported that they had had some form of employment in Zimbabwe prior to leaving, and 37% reported that they had held jobs in the formal sector. Most [67%] reported being politically active in some way, with 43% reporting membership of the Movement for Democratic Change [MDC]. The largest percentage came in 2005 [34%], the year of Operation Murambatsvina and a general election, but there were also significant percentages coming in 2000 [9%] and 2002 [18%]. Thus, years in which there had been large national events comprised 61% of the total sample. More than half had experience of more than one violation, and the frequencies of form of psychological torture were high. The frequency of reported rape was much higher than in previous reports: the Human Rights Forum, for example, had no more than 27 cases in over 40,000 violations reported. 64 65 66 Page 22 This table has been altered from the original to represent the frequencies as percentages so as to allow comparability with other reports. See Idasa (2005), Betweeen a Rock and a Hard Place. A window on the situation of Zimbabweans living in Gauteng. A report by the Zimbabwe Torture Victims Project. September 2005. PRETORIA: IDASA. See CSVR (2006), Women on the run: Women survivors of torture amongst refugees in South Africa. A report by the Zimbabwe Torture Victims Project. September 2005. JOHANNESBURG: CENTRE FOR THESTUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCLIATION.