I.
The Hard Road to Reform
1.
Introduction
Since the signing and initiation of the Global Political Agreement in Zimbabwe in September 2008
and February 2009 respectively, the politics of the country has been convulsed with a recurring
set of problems even as it has allowed for a certain political and economic stabilization. The
agreement, with its attendant Inclusive Government, was set up to establish the conditions for a
free and fair election. However it was always clear that, in a more determinate sense, it would
provide the site for intense struggles over the state between the contending parties, with Zanu
PF always in an advantageous position because of its control of the coercive arms of the state. It
is thus not surprising that the Mugabe regime has used its control of the police, security and
military sectors to contain the constrained promise of the GPA to open up democratic spaces. It
is also clear that both MDCs have made strategic mistakes that have added to the already
difficult challenges that confronted them at the outset of the process. oreover the problems of
the GPA have, on occasion, been compounded by the different roles of SADC and the West.
In recent months the Zimbabwean crisis has been somewhat overshadowed by the uprisings in
North Africa and the Middle East, as well as the violence that has broken out over the contested
election in the Ivory Coast. Both events, but particularly the developments in North Africa, have
predictably forced comparisons with the Zimbabwe situation. This has often lead to over‐
optimistic hopes for an ‘Egypt moment’ in Zimbabwe, that are based less on a concrete analysis
of the conditions in the country, than a desperate yearning that Zimbabwe’s authoritarian state
face such a reckoning. The complex politics of the GPA in the context of the particularities of
Zimbabwe’s history make any simple comparisons with North Africa difficult to sustain. This
report thus sets out to think through the politics of the last two years in Zimbabwe, setting out
the challenges that have had to be confronted, but also noting the opportunities it has provided,
and the possibilities for the near future.
2.
The Ambiguities of the GPA
There is no shortage of preliminary analyses of the GPA that provide details of its failures and
deadlocks around all the key articles of the agreement. Whether on the constitutional process,
electoral reforms, the legislative reform agenda, the media, national healing, sanctions or the
constitutional commissions, it is clear that Zanu PF has continually blocked serious reform
measures through its monopoly hold over the instruments of force. It has also done this through
a combination of simply ignoring those areas of the GPA it found inconvenient, and manipulating
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