3.
The MDCs and the GPA
Over the period of the GPA the MDCs and the civic movement have faced major challenges.
Looking firstly at the MDCs, both faced problems of capacity on entering the Inclusive
Government, having for the most part, had no experience of utilizing the structures of the state.
The task of deploying suitable individuals, particularly in the case of the MDC‐T which had to deal
with more appointments, proved difficult and placed the parties on a very steep learning curve
against an adversary that had become adept at manipulating and undermining the instruments of
the state. This was particularly difficult because of the lack of an alternative military power base,
and the problems of the GPA document itself. In coming to terms with some very limited
measure of state power both MDCs had also to deal with simultaneously putting in place
strategies to strengthen their own party structures, a task that had always proved difficult in the
face of a combination of constant past state repression and internal disunity both before and
after the 2005 split.
The focus on state power under the Inclusive Government also led to increasing tensions within
both MDC formations. In 2010 the internal struggles reported in the MDC‐T were in important
ways reminiscent of the tragic battles that had led to the split in the unified MDC in 2005, while
the smaller MDC formation was further handicapped by another break‐away group, MDC99 led
by Job Sikhala.31 This fracturing of the smaller MDC was exacerbated by the embarrassing refusal
of its former leader, Arthur Mutambara, to accept defeat at the party’s national congress in
January 2011, and the refusal of Mugabe to appoint the new leader of this formation, Welshman
Ncube, into the Prime Ministerial position in the Inclusive Government. The result of this was
that Mutambara effectively became a ‘Mugabe surrogate’.32
At a strategic level, the MDC‐T in particular, had to deal in the first part of 2011 with increased
state harassment of its senior figures, while both formations have, since 2009, had to confront
the obstructionist tactics of Zanu PF over the full implementation of the GPA. By October 2010
Tsvangirai, frustrated by the inability of the Principals of the GPA to deal with the outstanding
issues over key unilateral appointments by Mugabe, declared that there was ‘nothing short of a
31
For a broader discussion of the politics of the GPA see Brian Raftopoulos, ‘The Global Political Agreement as a
‘Passive Revolution’: Notes on Contemporary Politics in Zimbabwe.’ The Round Table, 99: 411, 705‐716, December
2010.
32
‘Mutambara is Zanu PF‐Ncube.’ www.theindependent.co.zw/local/29879‐mutambara‐is‐zanu‐pf‐ncube.html?tmp
Accessed 14/02/2011.
15
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