Across the country, the formal land re-allocation since 2000 has resulted in the transfer of land to nearly 170,000 households by 2011. If the ‘informal’ settlements, outside the official ‘fast-track’ programme are added, the totals are even larger. Two main ‘models’ have been at the centre of the process - one focused on smallholder production (socalled A1 schemes, either as villagised arrangements or small, self-contained farms) and one focused on commercial production at a slightly larger scale (so-called A2 farms). In practice, the distinction between these models varies considerably, and there is much overlap. Events since 2000 have thus resulted in a radical change in the nation’s agrarian structure. At Independence in 1980, over 15m hectares was devoted to largescale commercial farming, comprising around 6,000 farmers, nearly all of them white. This fell to around 12m hectares by 1999, in part through a modest, but in many ways successful, land reform and resettlement programme, largely funded by the British government under the terms of the Lancaster House agreement33+. The Fast Track Land Reform Programme, begun in 2000, allocated to new farmers over 4,500 farms making up 7.6m hectares, 20% of the total land area of the country, according to (admittedly rough) official figures. In 2008-09 this represented over 145,000 farm households in A1 schemes and around 16500 further households occupying A2 plots smaller-scale farms focusing on mixed farming, often with low levels of capitalisation. In Masvingo province, the new resettlements cover 28% of the land area, with 1.2 million hectares being small-scale A1 settlements, while a further 371,500 hectares are devoted to A2 farms. Although there is much variation, the average size of new A2 farms is 318 hectares, while that of A1 family farms is 37 hectares, including crop and grazing land. Overall there has been a significant shift to many more, Changes in the national distribution of land, 1980-2010 !"#$%&"'()*+, -./0 1000 2+("%345665*#%7"8 2+("%345665*#%7"8 10-0 2+("%345665*#%7"8 !"##$%&'(&)*&+ ,-./ ,-./ ,-./ 0'1()*+*22'*#*%2 3.3 4.5 4.5 6*7()*+*22'*#*%28(9, 3.3 3.3 /., 6*7()*+*22'*#*%28(9: 3.3 3.3 4.5 ;#&''<+=&'*(="##*)=>&'(( ?&)#+ @&)A*<+=&'*(="##*)=>&'( ?&)#+ ;2&2*(?&)#+ ,./ ,./ ,./ ,5.5 ,,.B 4./C 3.5 3.B 3.B D)E&%('&%1 3.: 3.4 3.4 6&2>"%&'(F&)G+(&%1(?")*+2( '&%1 D%&''"=&2*1('&%1 5., 5., 5., 3.3 3.3 3.B Source: derived from various government sources and compiled by the African Institute of Agrarian Studies * includes all large commercial farms, agro-industrial estate farms, church/trust farms, BIPPA farms and conservancies. 2