 sexual and reproductive health problems, e.g sexually transmitted infections (including HIV); sexual dysfunction; unintended or unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortion; risks to maternal and fetal health (especially in cases of abuse during pregnancy);  post trauma substance abuse (including alcohol);  lost workdays, lower productivity and lower income;  overall reduced or lost educational, employment, social, or political participation opportunities;  expenditures (at the level of individual, family and public sector budgets) on medical, protection, judicial and social services; and  medical, protection, judicial and social services. There are direct and indirect costs of political violence on victims. Direct costs are those easily attributable to the violation, such as medical, non-medical and productivity costs that affect the victim. Indirect costs have impacts beyond the violation period, beyond direct victims and resulting as a consequence of, but external to, the violation. In cases of both fatal and non-fatal victimization, victims and their relatives or friends can report on the costs of injury, both mental and physical; productivity losses and property damage as costs. Costs submitted by victims, their relatives or friends require validation. Small costs or costs of addressing minor injuries may be forgotten to become missing data; cumulative costs of managing serious injuries may not be recorded; and standard tarrif charges are not always applied by different service providers or health insurance firms. Such factors affect the total direct and indirect costs of managing violence aftermaths. 1.3 Study methodology A desktop study was carried out using source records that involved registered victims of police brutality who had already received medical and psychosocial assistance from the Counseling 8