violations on more than one occasion, but this will be rectified in a subsequent report when the detailed narratives will be examined. No major differences were found in either the geographical or the temporal distribution of the cases between those who experienced only a single type of violation as compared with those who had multiple violations. Again no differences were found between the two groups in the alleged perpetrators, except that there was significant association between multiple violations and Zanu(PF) supporters.76 There were several differences between the two groups as regards the victims, with the NCA, the ZCTU and students being the most likely to report multiple violations.77 There was a cluster of associations with those that reported multiple violations, as would be expected.78 Assault, unlawful arrest, unlawful detention, death threats, property destruction, kidnapping, political intimidation, and torture were all more frequent in the multiple violations group. However, overall the ZRP and its various branches were not more likely to have been involved in multiple violations than any other group. Rural versus Urban As before, contrasting rural and urban areas revealed interesting findings. The overall sample was overwhelmingly urban (and mostly from Harare), but a fair percentage [30%] came form the rural areas. The distribution over the years is interesting. Violations in the rural areas were reported for the years 2001 (the lead-up to the Presidential election), 2002 (the year of the Presidential Election), and 2003.79 The pattern then reversed and violations were more likely in the urban areas, which included 2005, when both a Parliamentary election and Operation Murambatsvina took place. There were no major differences between rural and urban areas in the alleged perpetrators, except that the CIO and the youth militia were more commonly reported to be the perpetrators in the rural areas.80 There were also significant differences between the two groups in the 76 Zanu(PF) supporters, single versus multiple violations [10% v 16%; p=0.005]. 77 See Table 16, Appendix 3. 78 See Table 17, Appendix 3. 79 See Table 18, Appendix 3. 80 See Table 19, Appendix 3. Who guards the guards? Violations by the Zimbabwe Republic Police, 2000 to 2006