was undertaken of the role of ranking officers, in order to determine whether any patterns could be observed. No differences were observed between senior and low ranking police officers in the geographical distribution of reports, and, as regards the temporal distribution, the only difference found was a significant trend for senior officers to be more frequently mentioned in 2006.89 Harare Central Police station was also found to be significantly associated with violations by senior police officers.90 In terms of the victims, no differences were noted except that members of the NCA were more likely to suffer violations at the hands of senior police officers.91 However, as can be seen from Table 25 below extracted from Appendix 3, the reports indicated that victims were more likely to suffer assault from low ranking members of the ZRP, but, very seriously, also more likely to experience torture at the hands of more senior police officers. Table 25 Comparison of senior ZRP officers and other ranks, Alleged violations, 2000 to 2006. Senior police officers Other officers [n=76] [n=246] Arson 0 0 Assault 24[32%] 81[48%]** Attempted murder 0 0 Death threats 0 2[1%] Displacement 0 5[3%] Interference with freedoms 14[18%] 18[11%] Kidnapping 6[8%] 16[9%] Murder 0 0 Political intimidation 17[22%] 27[16%] Property destruction 4[5%] 2[1%] Rape 0 0 Torture 59[78%]* 91[53%] Unlawful detention 12[16%] 42[25%] Unlawful arrest 17[22%] 55[32%] *p=0.005; **p=0.025 Involvement of army Although this report is primarily concerned with the Zimbabwe Republic Police, it is evident from the Food Riots in 1998 onwards, that the Zimbabwe National Army [ZNA] has also been involved in gross human rights violations.92 There have also been numerous reports since 2000, alleging 89 Senior police officers versus other police, 2006 [21% v 7%; p=0.005]. 90 Senior police officers versus other police, Harare Central Police Station [12% v 4%; p=0.025]. 91 Senior police officers versus other police, NCA members [20% v 10%; p=0.025]. 92 See Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (1999), A Consolidated Report on the Food Riots 19—23 January 1998, (1999 Harare); see also Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum , An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998–2006 (Harare 2006). Published by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. June 2006, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM. Who guards the guards? Violations by the Zimbabwe Republic Police, 2000 to 2006