INVESTIGATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN EASTERN DRC As shown in Figure 3, non-specified perpetrators were more similar to armed combatants than they were to civilian perpetrators with regards to location of attack. Figure 3 also illustrates that armed combatants were much more likely to attack in the forest and that civilian perpetrators most commonly attacked in other locations, such as private residences other than the victim’s (often the assailant’s residence), the market area and public buildings including hospitals, shops and offices. Figure 3. Locations of attacks by various perpetrators. “Other” refers to private residences other than the victim’s (often the assailant’s residence), the market area and public buildings including hospitals, shops and offices. Armed combatant refers to a combination of soldiers with a specific military affiliation and soldiers NOS without an identified military affiliation. The behaviors of civilian perpetrators were notably different from those of armed combatants and non-specified perpetrators, giving rise to a distinct pattern of civilian perpetrated rape. For example, civilian perpetrators were much more likely to commit simple forms of rape such as rape NOS (Odds Ratio [OR] = 14.70, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 10.68 – 20.40). Civilian perpetrators were much less likely to commit sexual slavery (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.11 – 0.46), gang rape (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.11) or rape in the presence of family members (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.16 – 0.68). The locations of attack by civilian perpetrators were also distinct from all other perpetrators. As illustrated in Figure 3, civilian perpetrators were much more likely to attack in “other locations” (OR = 8.66, 95% CI = 6.02 – 12.43) such as private residences other than the victim’s (often the assailant’s residence), the market area and public buildings including hospitals, shops and offices. Civilian perpetrators were also much less likely to attack in the forest (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.13 – 0.46) or in the fields (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.19 – 0.55). Collectively, these differences give rise to a civilian pattern of sexual violence that 15