104 \ Global Youth Development Index and Report 2016 References Al Raffie, D. 2013. ‘Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic extremism in the Diaspora’. Journal of Strategic Security 6 (4): 67–91. Farzanegan, R.M. and Witthuhn, S. 2016. ‘Corruption and Political Stability: Does the Youth Bulge Matter?’ Marburg Centre for Institutional Economics. https:// www.uni-marburg.de/fb02/macie/research/output/ macie/2016-09_farzanegan.pdf Barakat, B. and Urdal, H. 2009. ‘Breaking the Waves? Does Education Mediate the Relationship Between Youth Bulges and Political Violence?’ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5114. Galtung, J. 1969. ‘Violence, Peace, Peace Research’ Journal of Peace Research 6(3):167. www2.kobe-u. ac.jp/~alexroni/IPD 2015 readings/IPD 2015_7/ Galtung_Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.pdf. Bastick, M., Grimm, K. and Kunz, R. 2007. ‘Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector’, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. http://www. essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/sexualviolence_ conflict_full%5B1%5D.pdf Gambetta, D. and Hertog, S. 2016. Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection between Violent Extremism and Education. Oxford: Princeton University Press. Bergen, P. and Lind, M. 2007. ‘A Matter of Pride: Why we can’t buy off the next Osama bin Laden’ Democracy: A Journal of Ideas 3. http://democracyjournal.org/ magazine/3/a-matter-of-pride. Blair, G., N. Malhotra, C.C. Fair and J.N. Shapiro 2011. ‘Poverty and Support for Militant Politics: Evidence from Pakistan’ www.sas.upenn.edu/~neilmal/poverty.pdf. Blair, G., Malhotra, N., Fair, C.C. and Shapiro, J.N. 2012. ‘Poverty and Support for Militant Politics: Evidence from Pakistan’ American Journal of Political Science 57(1): 30–48. http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/ jns/files/bfms_2012_poverty_militancy_pakistan_ajps. pdf. Bricker, N.Q. and Foley, M.C. 2013. ‘The Effect of Youth Demographics on Violence: The Importance of the Labour Market’ International Journal of Conflict and Violence 7(1): 179–194. www.ijcv.org/earlyview/290.pdf. Buvinic, M., Gupta, M. D., Casabonne, U. and Verwimp, P. 2013. ‘Violent Conflict and Gender Inequality: An Overview’. The World Bank Research Observer 28(1): 110–138. Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L. and Piquero, A.R. 2005. ‘Psychological, Neuropsychological and Physiological Correlates of Serious Antisocial Behaviour in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Control’ Criminology 43(1): 133–175. Holman, B. and Ziedenberg, J. 2006. ‘The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities’ Justice Policy Institute. www.justicepolicy.org/images/ upload/06–11_rep_dangersofdetention_jj.pdf. Hussain, Z. 2010. The Scorpion’s Tail: The Relentless Rise of Islamic Militants in Pakistan – And How It Threatens America. New York: Free Press. Institute for Economics and Peace. 2014. The Global Terrorism Index 2014. www.visionofhumanity.org. Institute for Economics and Peace. 2015. Global Peace Index 2015: Measuring Peace, its Causes and its Economic Value. http://static.visionofhumanity.org/ sites/default/files/Global%20Peace%20Index%20 Report%202015_0.pdf Jones, A. and Naylor, R. 2014. ‘The Quantitative Impact of Armed Conflict on Education: Counting the Human and Financial Costs’. Reading: CfBT Education Trust. http://educationandconflict.org/sites/default/files/ publication/CfBT%20023_Armed%20Conflict_Online. pdf Justino, P. 2010. ‘How Does Violent Conflict Impact on Individual Educational Outcomes? The Evidence So Far’ Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 http://unesdoc.unesco. org/images/0019/001907/190710e.pdf CIA World Factbook. n.d. Military Service and Obligations. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/fields/2024.html. Kokko, K., Tremblay, R., Lacourse, E., Nagin, D.S., and Vitaro, F. 2006. ‘Trajectories of Prosocial Behaviour and Physical Aggression in Middle Childhood: Links to Adolescent School Dropout and Physical Violence’ Journal of Research on Adolescence. 16(3):403–428 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2004. Child Soldiers Global Report 2004. https://www.essex.ac.uk/ armedcon/story_id/child_soldiers_CSC_nov_2004. pdf. Maher, S. 2015. ‘The Roots of Radicalisation? It’s Identity, Stupid’ Guardian. 17 June. https://www. theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/17/rootsradicalisation-identity-bradford-jihadist-causes. Cramer, C. 2010. ‘Unemployment and Participation in Violence’ World Development Report 2011 Background Paper. https://openknowledge.worldbank. org/bitstream/handle/10986/9247/WDR2011_0022. pdf?sequence=1. Mokdad, Ali H et al. 2016. ‘Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors for Young People’s Health During 1990–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013’ The Lancet, 387(10036): 2383–2401. Economic and Social Research Council, 2015. ‘Security, Religion and Radicalisation’, Evidence Briefing, March 2015. http://www.esrc.ac.uk/news-events-andpublications/evidence-briefings/security-religion-andradicalisation Nordås, R. and Davenport, C. 2013. ‘Fight the Youth: Youth Bulges and State Repression’ American Journal of Political Science 57: 926–940. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12025. OECD. 2015. States of Fragility 2015: Meeting Post-2015 Ambitions. Organisation for Economic Co-operation