were ever conducted whilst in Hurungwe District 3% revealed that they did not know anything about such campaigns. 4.16 Single parents and orphans in Birth Registration processes The issue that single parents faced major challenges in attempting to register their children emerged from 75% of female respondents in Bindura. The percentage was 82% in Hurungwe. However, some women noted that they had no problems registering their children as single mothers. A self-proclaimed commercial sex worker in Ward 5, Hurungwe District, stated that she was having problems registering her children from different male partners because of what she considers to be strict registrations against women like her. However, this is not correct because in Section 12 of the BDRA there is provision that single mothers can register their children using their maiden names. It was said that minor orphans faced the challenge of getting relatives who were prepared to help them get birth registration (Dhanabakium v Subramanian). Reasons for these challenges range from reluctant and disinterested relatives to those cases where there are disputes between the late father’s and the late mother’s families. 4.17 Access to education and other social services for unregistered children It was noted in the research that that many children cannot sit for public examinations because generally, schools do not enroll children who do not have birth certificates. The research showed that some very talented unregistered children used their sibling’s birth certificates to be entered into school sporting activities and competitions. There was a consensual view that unregistered children had limited access to many social services such as further education, obtaining other documents such as driver’s licenses, passports or getting employed. 87% (321) of adult respondents stated that from birth, unregistered children were disadvantaged because the absence of a birth certificate deprives a child of evidence of their name, age, place of birth, his her parentage and ultimately his/her citizenship. The RGs officials in Bindura stated that a birth certificate was critical because it is a requirement when one is applying for national documents like a national I.D. or a passport which bestow citizenship on the holder. 4.18 Non-Zimbabwean and refugee children The major challenge for non-Zimbabwean or refugee children comes when their parents do not possess identity documents themselves, such as birth certificates or IDs. JCT’s case files confirm this situation in Bindura District where a large number of non-Zimbabweans were said not to have birth registration documents. This makes it very difficult for them to obtain birth certificates for their children until they themselves become registered. In Hurungwe District Birth Registration Research Report/2007 42