37 (2) No person may be compelled to belong to an association or to attend a meeting or gathering. 4.16 Freedom to demonstrate and petition Every person has the right to demonstrate and to present petitions, but these rights must be exercised peacefully. 4.17 Freedom of conscience (1) Every person has the right to freedom of conscience, which includes— (a) freedom of thought, opinion, religion or belief; and (b) freedom to practise and propagate and give expression to their thought, opinion, religion or belief, whether in public or in private and whether alone or together with others. (2) No person may be compelled to take an oath that is contrary to their religion or belief or to take an oath in a manner that is contrary to their religion or belief. (3) Parents and guardians of minor children have the right to determine, in accordance with their beliefs, the moral and religious upbringing of their children, provided they do not prejudice the rights to which their children are entitled under this Constitution, including their rights to education, health, safety and welfare. (4) Any religious community may establish institutions where religious instruction may be given, even if the institution receives a subsidy or other financial assistance from the State. 4.18 Freedom of expression and freedom of the media (1) Every person has the right to freedom of expression, which includes— (a) freedom to seek, receive and communicate ideas and other information; (b) freedom of artistic expression and scientific research and creativity; and (c) academic freedom. (2) Every person is entitled to freedom of the press and other media of communication, which freedom includes protection of the confidentiality of journalists’ sources of information. (3) Broadcasting and other electronic media of communication have freedom of establishment, subject only to licensing procedures that— (a) are necessary to regulate the airwaves and other forms of signal distribution; and (b) are independent of control by government or by political or commercial interests. (4) All State-owned media of communication must— (a) be free to determine independently the editorial content of their broadcasts or other communications; (b) be impartial; and (c) afford fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions. (5) Freedom of expression and freedom of the press do not include—