ActionAid International Southern Africa Partnership Programme (SAPP-Zimbabwe) collected to give a clear representation of the impact of the Operation. However, from the information solicited from the respondents, some clear observations are made. Out of 23,511 sampled households, 22% of them reported that children were not attending school as a direct result of the Operation. In the 22% of the respondents who claimed children were not attending school as a result of the operation, a total of 24,332 were recorded, representing 19% of the population. A marked difference in child school dropout rates across the six areas was witnessed. Harare, Mutare and Bulawayo recorded over 20% dropout rates whilst Victoria Falls, Beitbridge and Kariba recorded less than 15% (Figure 3). Children in female headed households seem to have been affected slightly more compared to male headed households with 25% versus 21%, respectively. Furthermore, worryingly, was the increased non attendance rates for households hosting orphans against those not hosting orphans (40% vs. 15%). The large numbers of children not attending school observed are a result of many reasons which may include the following; 1. Relocation to new residential areas. 2. Inability of families to pay fees for new schools as well as other material that is required for new schools such as school uniforms, text books etc. 3. Areas where the displaced families had been relocated do not have schools or alternatively the schools are full (student to teacher ratio) The interpretations presented above rely on the assumption that socio-demographic criteria, such as elderly-headed household, female-headed household or presence of orphans, chronically ill or disabled members in the household, are good proxy indicators for potential vulnerability. 3.3 Livelihoods Figure 4: Sources of income prior to the Operation Currently, Zimbabwe is facing its worst economic crisis. 4% Consequently unemployment is 16% estimated at above 70%. The respondents were asked what their primary source of income was before the Operation. Secondary information suggests 80% that the Operation has had an adverse effect on the livelihoods. Three categories will be discussed in the Informal Formal No source following sections on livelihoods, namely; no income source, informal source and formal source of income. Zimbabwe Operation Murambatsvina/Restore Order National Survey Report 14