14 service is effective for those who would benefit from individual sessions, it would also be important to address the victims of the political violence on a group and/or community level. At a group level, gender issues should be considered, i.e. perhaps groups of women within their communities could be given support separate from the men. Focussing on the families within the communities would also be important. Another extension of the core principle of cultural appropriateness would be attention to the social nature of the trauma. Thus we anticipate the need for an established and well funded community outreach programme that would provide a community based clinical service in the context of ongoing research into the social nature of the trauma and its effects on family/community/neighbourhood. One important aspect of this community programme would be liaison with community traditional leaders, both civic and spiritual, in order to help identify those resources within community domains that might be mobilised in the aid of healing. We also anticipate very close working relationships with those organisations whose aims are more focused on sustainable livelihoods and economic empowerment. REFERENCE LIST Danieli Y. 1998. Conclusions and future directions. In Danieli Y (Ed): International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Plenum Press, New York. Eppel S. 2001. Healing the dead to transform the living: exhumation and reburial in Zimbabwe. Unpublished manuscript, Amani Trust, Matabeleland. Kinzie J et al. 1984. Post traumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry 141: 645-650. Patel V et al. 1997. Common mental disorders in primary care in Harare: associations and risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 171: 60-64. Patel V et al. 1998. Outcome of common mental disorders in Harare. British Journal of Psychiatry 172: 53-57. Reeler A, Mbape P et al. 2001. The prevalence of disorders due to organised violence and torture in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe. Torture, 11, 4-9. Reeler AP. 1998. Epidemic violence and the community: a Zimbabwean case study. Journal of Social Development in Africa 13: 41-51. Summerfield D. 2000. War and mental health: a brief overview. British Medical Journal 321: 232-5. Weingarten K. 2000. Witnessing, wonder and hope. Family Process 39: 389-402. Weingarten K. 2001. The Witnessing Project. Unpublished manuscript, Family Institute of Cambridge. AMANI Trust: At the boiling point of the pain. Report of a pilot study examining the eficacy of psychotherapy for torture survivors.