The State President has claimed that the clean-up Operation was planned before the March 2005 elections, but was put on hold until after the election to avoid any impression being created that the Government was clamping down on urban opposition supporters ahead of the elections. However, a former Cabinet Minister, who is now an independent Member of Parliament, maintains that this matter was never discussed at Cabinet or by other party organs before the election. The campaign was certainly not in any way budgeted for prior to it being undertaken; the Minister of Finance has had to include as a supplementary budget item the announced expenditure on the huge building campaign that is supposed to follow up on Operation Murambatsvina. The UN Special Envoy also says that the people and Government of Zimbabwe should hold to account those responsible for the injury caused by the Operation. Exactly who conceived Operation Murambatsvina still remains unclear. As stated in our previous report, there must have been considerable planning and preparation for such a massive country-wide campaign conducted by the police, and the police must have been given authority by the government, or by Government Ministers, to carry it out. The State President must either have been involved in the planning the overall nature of the campaign, or must have at least been informed about the plan and gave his approval. (As indicated above the President says the campaign had been conceived - presumably with his approval – prior to the March 2005 election.) The UN Special Envoy suggests the campaign ―was based on improper advice by a few architects of the operation.‖ The Special Envoy expresses her firm opinion that ―Operation Restore Order‖ was, in all likelihood, implemented on the basis of improper advice and by over-zealous officials, each with their own agendas.‖ She notes that, just before the campaign commenced, the Governor of the Reserve Bank gave a speech saying that there was a ―need to cleanse the individual rot on the streets of the nation and the need to destroy the shadow forces in the economy.‖ In Harare, the Chairperson of the Harare Commission (the body appointed by the Minister of Local Government to replace the sacked City Council) gave a speech announcing the start of the clean-up campaign, and describing in some detail the farreaching nature of this campaign. Apart from these two officials, the question must be asked who else bears responsibility for this calamitous campaign? Most mayors of urban councils, such as Bulawayo, Gweru and Mutare, have disowned or distanced themselves from the campaign. Apart from Harare, the only other head of a council who says he supported the campaign, and authorized the police action, was the mayor of Bindura. Clearly, the Ministry in charge of the Police, the Ministry of Home Affairs, must have been involved, probably influenced by the Governor of the Reserve Bank. The police fanatically implemented the Operation. The Commissioner of Police and various police spokesmen enthusiastically endorsed the campaign, and provided various justifications for it as it expanded to cover more and more areas, and more and more supposedly illegal activities, such as offices located in urban areas. The police apparently