constituency.1 Due to lack of adequate evidence, he failed to prove how boundaries had been redrawn to incorporate some voters from a farming community that fell under another constituency. Opposition political parties have also not prioritised advocating for reform measures to be implemented in electoral boundary determination, as a pre-requisite for participation in elections. Before the 2013 Constitution came into force, there were a number of problems with delimitation of boundaries. Firstly, the independence of the Delimitation Commission responsible for this process was questionable. All the members of the Delimitation Commission were appointed by the President, who was also an interested party and candidate in the pending elections. There were also a multiplicity of election bodies that had a role to play in delimitation, and a number of government departments directly or indirectly involved in the process. The Delimitation Commission relied on the Electoral Supervisory Commission, and the Registrar General’s office for information to conclude its work. The frequency of the delimitation exercise as provided in the law was a five-year interval,2 which was not adhered to. Generally there was no access to relevant information and maps for stakeholders. Indeed the whole process was not transparent or accessible to interested stakeholders. Another recurrent challenge, though not directly linked to the authority responsible for delimiting boundaries, has been the phenomenon of forced evictions of large numbers of people before or after elections. Forced rural-urban migration has also occurred as a result of pre-election violence or economic challenges – resulting in the electorate moving to different constituencies. In other instances, there has been increased cross border migration to neighbouring countries such as Botswana and South Africa. In 2000, delimitation was done well after the five-year interval set in terms of section 59(4) of the Constitution. The delimitation exercise was predicated on the number of registered voters at the time, including those who were on the supplementary voters roll. This voters’ roll was not provided on time hence the 1 2 See Jameson Timba v Jason Passade Unreported Electoral Court judgment 74/2014 Section 60 (8) of the Constitution. 3|Page