13 According to this definition, a very large number of persons experienced torture during the Food Riots. Table 14 below shows the reported frequencies of the various torture types reported by the survivors seen by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum, and examined by the AMANI Trust. Table 14. Mean frequency of Torture types reported by Food Riots victims (HRF.1999) Physical abuse Deprivation IMPACT TORTURE Sensory over stimulation Psychological abuse PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE Witnessing assaults Witnessing executions WITNESSING TORTURE 1.3 0.7 2.02 0.21 1.5 1.7 1.2 0 1.2 The group did not report frequencies of torture as high as previous groups (AMANI.1998), which again is unsurprising since most had only one encounter with the Police or the Army. Impact Torture was reported much more frequently than other forms, and, of the forms of Impact Torture, beatings were the most frequently reported. Psychological abuse was reported with the greatest frequency. One important factor in the pattern of abuse is that most of this group were tortured outside of detention. Table 15. Unconsciousness reported by Food Riots victims (HRF.1999) >30 minutes 7 30-60 minutes 1 60-120 minutes <120 minutes 1 1 A very high proportion (24%) of the group reported unconsciousness, but most of these reported unconsciousness of less than 30 minutes. For the majority of those reporting unconsciousness, this was associated with gunshot wounds, but two members reported unconsciousness following assaults. Unconsciousness is important to identify, both because of its association with long-term disability and its status as an indicator of the severity of the assault. Table 16 Symptoms reported by Food Riots victims on the Present Health Status Questionnaire(PHSQ) (HRF.1999) PHSQ(tot) 13.7 6.9 PHSQ(psy) 5.8 4.2 PHSQ(phys) 6.7 3.6 PHSQ(sleep) 2.3 2.3 The group as a whole reported very high numbers of symptoms after the alleged torture. The mean number of symptoms reported was 13.7[s.dev 6.9], and this was a mixture of both psychological and physical symptoms. People with ordinary psychological disorders have been shown to present with high numbers of symptoms — about 3 according to most Zimbabwean AMANI TRUST: Beating your opposition. Torture during the 2002 Presidential campaign in Zimbabwe.